【单选题】 The piano is a stringed musical instrument in which the strings are strike by felt-covered hammers controlled by a board.
【单选题】rEADing 5 "spEECh AnD writing"
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
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First, writing is A lAtEr historiCAl DEvElopmEnt thAn spokEn lAnguAgE.
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CurrEnt ArChEologiCAl EviDEnCE inDiCAtEs thAt writing wAs First utilizED in sumEr, thAt is, moDErn-DAy irAq, ABout 6,000 yEArs Ago.
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As FAr As physiCAl AnD CulturAl Anthropologists CAn tEll, spokEn lAnguAgE hAs proBABly BEEn usED By humAns For hunDrEDs oF thousAnDs oF yEArs.
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→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
it is A wiDEly hElD misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh. to mAny pEoplE, writing somEhow sEEms morE CorrECt AnD morE stABlE, whErEAs spEECh CAn BE CArElEss, CorruptED, AnD susCEptiBlE to ChAngE. somE pEoplE EvEn go so FAr As to iDEntiFy lAnguAgE with writing AnD to rEgArD spEECh As A sEConDAry Form oF lAnguAgE usED impErFECtly to ApproximAtE thE iDEAls oF thE writtEn lAnguAgE.
→ onE oF thE BAsiC Assumptions oF moDErn linguistiCs, howEvEr, is thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry. thE most immEDiAtE mAniFEstAtion oF lAnguAgE is spEECh AnD not writing. writing is simply thE rEprEsEntAtion oF spEECh in AnothEr physiCAl mEDium. spokEn lAnguAgE EnCoDEs thought into A physiCAlly trAnsmittABlE Form, whilE writing, in turn, EnCoDEs spokEn lAnguAgE into A physiCAlly prEsErvABlE Form. writing is A two-stAgE proCEss.All units oF writing, whEthEr lEttErs or ChArACtErs, ArE BAsED on units oF spEECh, i.E., worDs, sounDs, or syllABlEs. whEn linguists stuDy lAnguAgE, thEy tAkE thE spokEn lAnguAgE As thEir BEst sourCE oF DAtA AnD thEir oBjECt oF DEsCription (ExCEpt in instAnCEs oF lAnguAgEs likE lAtin For whiCh thErE ArE no longEr Any spEAkErs).
thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons For mAintAining thAt spEECh is primAry AnD writing is sEConDAry.
→ sEConD, writing DoEs not Exist EvErywhErE thAt spokEn lAnguAgE Exists. this sEEms hArD to imAginE in our highly litErAtE soCiEty, But thE FACt is thAt thErE ArE still mAny CommunitiEs in thE worlD whErE A writtEn Form oF lAnguAgE is not usED, AnD EvEn in thosE CulturEs using A writing systEm, thErE ArE inDiviDuAls who FAil to lEArn thE writtEn Form oF thEir lAnguAgE. in FACt, thE mAjority oF thEEArth’s inhABitAnts ArE illitErAtE, though quitE CApABlE oF spokEn CommuniCAtion. howEvEr, no soCiEty usEs only A writtEn lAnguAgE with no spokEn Form.
thirD, writing must BE tAught, whErEAs spokEn lAnguAgE is ACquirED AutomAtiCAlly.All ChilDrEn, ExCEpt ChilDrEn with sErious lEArning DisABilitiEs, nAturAlly lEArn to spEAk thE lAnguAgE oF thE Community in whiCh thEy ArE Brought up. thEy ACquirE thE BAsiCs oF thEir nAtivE lAnguAgE BEForE thEy EntEr sChool, AnD EvEn iF thEy nEvEr AttEnD sChool, thEy BEComE Fully CompEtEnt spEAkErs. writing systEms vAry in ComplExity, But rEgArDlEss oF thEir lEvEl oF sophistiCAtion, thEy must All BE tAught.
FinAlly, nEurolinguistiC EviDEnCE (stuDiEs oF thE BrAin in ACtion During lAnguAgE usE) DEmonstrAtEs thAt thE proCEssing AnD proDuCtion oF writtEn lAnguAgE is ovErlAiD on thE spokEn lAnguAgE CEntErs in thE BrAin. spokEn lAnguAgE involvEs sEvErAl DistinCt ArEAs oF thE BrAin; writing usEs thEsE ArEAs AnD othErs As wEll.
→ so whAt givEs risE to thE misConCEption thAt writing is morE pErFECt thAn spEECh thErE ArE sEvErAl rEAsons. For onE thing, thE proDuCt oF writing is usuAlly morE Aptly worDED AnD BEttEr orgAnizED, ContAining FEwEr Errors, hEsitAtions, AnD inComplEtE sEntEnCEs thAn ArE FounD in spEECh. this pErFECtion oF writing CAn BE ExplAinED By thE FACt thAt writing is thE rEsult oF DEliBErAtion, CorrECtion, AnD rEvision, whilE spEECh is thE spontAnEous AnD simultAnEous FormulAtion oF iDEAs; writing is thErEForE lEss suBjECt to thE ConstrAint oF timE thAn spEECh is. in ADDition, writing is ultimAtEly AssoCiAtED with EDuCAtion AnD EDu
【单选题】 All the planets in the Solar system except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites, — objects that revolve around the planets.
A．( which
B．( which are
C．( of which
D．( and which
A．( which
B．( which are
C．( of which
D．( and which
【单选题】Country musiC
A、CommErCiAl oFFshoot oF thE Folk musiC oF thE rurAl south, Country musiC is AnAmEriCAn Art Form thAt gAinED worlDwiDE AppEAl AFtEr worlD wAr ⅱ. originAlly known As hillBilly or mountAin musiC, Country musiC grEw From thE Folk musiC thAt wAs Brought to northAmEriCA ByAnglo-CEltiC sEttlErs in thE 1700s AnD 1800s. thE musiC ChAngED As it CAmE in ContACt with EthniC musiC--ACADiAnCAjun) in louisiAnA, lAtin in thE southwEst,AFriCAn throughout muCh oF thE south--AnD suCh populAr musiC As thAt FounD in vAuDEvillE, minstrEl shows, AnD hAwAiiAn tEnt shows. it wAs Also CAllED Country AnD wEstErn musiC BECAusE oF its populArity with CowBoys.
trADitionAlly Country musiCiAns hAvE BEEn most proFiCiEnt on stringED instrumEnts. thE violin, or FiDDlE, wAs thE most populAr instrumEnt on thE FrontiEr BECAusE oF its EAsy portABility. to this DAy FiDDlE ContEsts rEmAin A FEAturE oF thE Country musiC sCEnE. thE BAnjo wAs ADAptED From thEAFriCAnAmEriCAn CulturE, AnD thE FivE-siring moDEl is now univErsAlly populAr Among pErFormErs oF thE stylE known As BluEgrAss. thE guitAr hAs long BEEn A stAplE oF Country musiC BAnDs AnD singErs. string BAss AnD hAwAiiAn guitAr hAvE BEEn usED sinCE thE 1920s, AnD thEir moDErn DEsCEnDAnts ArE thE ElECtriC BAss AnD thE pEDAl stEEl guitAr.Drums, piAnos, AnD ElECtriFiED instrumEnts, usED As EArly As thE 1930s By wEstErn swing BAnDs, ArE hEArD on Country rECorDings From thE 1950s.
in 1922 rADio stAtions wBAp in Fort worth, tEx. , AnD wsB、inAtlAntA, gA、, BroADCAst shows CAllED BArn DAnCEs, moDElED AFtEr thE inFormAl soCiAl DAnCing oF thE FrontiEr.ChiCAgo’s wls stArtED whAt BECAmE thE nAtionAlBArnDAnCE in 1924, AnD wsm in nAshvillE, tEnn., BEgAn itsBArnDAnCE in novEmBEr 1925, just onE month AFtEr going on thE Air. rECorD CompAniEs Also DisCovErED thE CommErCiAl possiBilitiEs oF this musiC、FiDDlErECkA、C、) roBErtson trAvElED to nEw yorkCity AnD in 1922 mADE thE First hillBilly rECorDs, "ArkAnsAs trAvElEr" AnD "sAlliE gooDin". thE gEorgiA FiDDlEr johnCArson hAD thE First sAlEs suCCEss thE nExt yEAr with his okEh rECorD oF "littlE olD logCABin in thE lAnE".A、tExAs nAtivE who ACtuAlly hAD voiCE trAining AnD light opErA ExpEriEnCE, vErnonDAlhArt (his rEAl nAmE wAs mArion slAughtEr) solD millions oF rECorDs in thE 1920s For DozEns oF DiFFErEnt CompAniEs. his First Big sEllErs wErE "thE prisonEr’s song" AnD "thE wrECk oF thE olD 97" For viCtor in 1924. in 1927 jimmiE roDgErs, originAlly A yoDElEr, mADE his First rECorDings.BECAusE roDgErs, viCtor rECorDs inspirED numErous mEn to BEComE Country EntErtAinErs, hE BECAmE known As thE FAthEr oFCountry musiC、
hollywooD’s singing CowBoys won For Country musiC nAtionAl AnD intErnAtionAl AuDiEnCEs During thE lAtEr 1930s.EvEn though rECorD sAlEs For Country AnD othEr typEs oF musiC slippED During thE grEAtDEprEssion, rADio ContinuED to BroADCAst A lArgE ArrAy oF livE Country musiC tAlEnt, usuAlly in thE EArly morning, noon, or lAtE night hours. nEw BArn DAnCEs wErE hEArD on thE AirwAvEs, AnD two oF thE loCAl shows gAinED nEtwork rADio AuDiEnCEs During thE 1930s.
worlD wAr ⅱ ACCElErAtED Country musiC’s growth AwAy From An ExClusivEly southErn AnD rurAl phEnomEnon. southErn sErviCEmEn took thE musiC with thEm to FAr-Flung pArts oF thE nAtion AnD thE worlD, whilE CiviliAn DEFEnsE workErs From thE south Brought thEir lovE oF thE musiC into thE vArious CEntErs oF wAr proDuCtion.
thE postwAr yEArs Brought A nEwFounD nAtionAl prospErity, whiCh BoostED Country musiC to grEAtEr CommErCiAl hEights. singErs AnD BusinEss ExECutivEs ClosEly tiED to thE musiC sought AnD won A nEw rEspECtABility From trADE pApErs AnD nAtionAl mEDiA、thE olD tErms hillBilly AnD mountAin wErE rEplACED By Country, AnD EvEn For A timE By Country AnD wEstErn, in rECognition oF thE nEw populArity oF thE CowBoy singErs on tElEvision.
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A、CommErCiAl oFFshoot oF thE Folk musiC oF thE rurAl south, Country musiC is AnAmEriCAn Art Form thAt gAinED worlDwiDE AppEAl AFtEr worlD wAr ⅱ. originAlly known As hillBilly or mountAin musiC, Country musiC grEw From thE Folk musiC thAt wAs Brought to northAmEriCA ByAnglo-CEltiC sEttlErs in thE 1700s AnD 1800s. thE musiC ChAngED As it CAmE in ContACt with EthniC musiC--ACADiAnCAjun) in louisiAnA, lAtin in thE southwEst,AFriCAn throughout muCh oF thE south--AnD suCh populAr musiC As thAt FounD in vAuDEvillE, minstrEl shows, AnD hAwAiiAn tEnt shows. it wAs Also CAllED Country AnD wEstErn musiC BECAusE oF its populArity with CowBoys.
trADitionAlly Country musiCiAns hAvE BEEn most proFiCiEnt on stringED instrumEnts. thE violin, or FiDDlE, wAs thE most populAr instrumEnt on thE FrontiEr BECAusE oF its EAsy portABility. to this DAy FiDDlE ContEsts rEmAin A FEAturE oF thE Country musiC sCEnE. thE BAnjo wAs ADAptED From thEAFriCAnAmEriCAn CulturE, AnD thE FivE-siring moDEl is now univErsAlly populAr Among pErFormErs oF thE stylE known As BluEgrAss. thE guitAr hAs long BEEn A stAplE oF Country musiC BAnDs AnD singErs. string BAss AnD hAwAiiAn guitAr hAvE BEEn usED sinCE thE 1920s, AnD thEir moDErn DEsCEnDAnts ArE thE ElECtriC BAss AnD thE pEDAl stEEl guitAr.Drums, piAnos, AnD ElECtriFiED instrumEnts, usED As EArly As thE 1930s By wEstErn swing BAnDs, ArE hEArD on Country rECorDings From thE 1950s.
in 1922 rADio stAtions wBAp in Fort worth, tEx. , AnD wsB、inAtlAntA, gA、, BroADCAst shows CAllED BArn DAnCEs, moDElED AFtEr thE inFormAl soCiAl DAnCing oF thE FrontiEr.ChiCAgo’s wls stArtED whAt BECAmE thE nAtionAlBArnDAnCE in 1924, AnD wsm in nAshvillE, tEnn., BEgAn itsBArnDAnCE in novEmBEr 1925, just onE month AFtEr going on thE Air. rECorD CompAniEs Also DisCovErED thE CommErCiAl possiBilitiEs oF this musiC、FiDDlErECkA、C、) roBErtson trAvElED to nEw yorkCity AnD in 1922 mADE thE First hillBilly rECorDs, "ArkAnsAs trAvElEr" AnD "sAlliE gooDin". thE gEorgiA FiDDlEr johnCArson hAD thE First sAlEs suCCEss thE nExt yEAr with his okEh rECorD oF "littlE olD logCABin in thE lAnE".A、tExAs nAtivE who ACtuAlly hAD voiCE trAining AnD light opErA ExpEriEnCE, vErnonDAlhArt (his rEAl nAmE wAs mArion slAughtEr) solD millions oF rECorDs in thE 1920s For DozEns oF DiFFErEnt CompAniEs. his First Big sEllErs wErE "thE prisonEr’s song" AnD "thE wrECk oF thE olD 97" For viCtor in 1924. in 1927 jimmiE roDgErs, originAlly A yoDElEr, mADE his First rECorDings.BECAusE roDgErs, viCtor rECorDs inspirED numErous mEn to BEComE Country EntErtAinErs, hE BECAmE known As thE FAthEr oFCountry musiC、
hollywooD’s singing CowBoys won For Country musiC nAtionAl AnD intErnAtionAl AuDiEnCEs During thE lAtEr 1930s.EvEn though rECorD sAlEs For Country AnD othEr typEs oF musiC slippED During thE grEAtDEprEssion, rADio ContinuED to BroADCAst A lArgE ArrAy oF livE Country musiC tAlEnt, usuAlly in thE EArly morning, noon, or lAtE night hours. nEw BArn DAnCEs wErE hEArD on thE AirwAvEs, AnD two oF thE loCAl shows gAinED nEtwork rADio AuDiEnCEs During thE 1930s.
worlD wAr ⅱ ACCElErAtED Country musiC’s growth AwAy From An ExClusivEly southErn AnD rurAl phEnomEnon. southErn sErviCEmEn took thE musiC with thEm to FAr-Flung pArts oF thE nAtion AnD thE worlD, whilE CiviliAn DEFEnsE workErs From thE south Brought thEir lovE oF thE musiC into thE vArious CEntErs oF wAr proDuCtion.
thE postwAr yEArs Brought A nEwFounD nAtionAl prospErity, whiCh BoostED Country musiC to grEAtEr CommErCiAl hEights. singErs AnD BusinEss ExECutivEs ClosEly tiED to thE musiC sought AnD won A nEw rEspECtABility From trADE pApErs AnD nAtionAl mEDiA、thE olD tErms hillBilly AnD mountAin wErE rEplACED By Country, AnD EvEn For A timE By Country AnD wEstErn, in rECognition oF thE nEw populArity oF thE CowBoy singErs on tElEvision.
【单选题】liFE、suCCEssAn
D、sAtisFACtion
1liFE sAtisFACtion, whiCh CAn BE DEFinED As gEnErAl hAppinEss or wEll BEing, is rElAtED to sEvErAl DEmogrAphiC AnD pErsonAl quAlitiEs. thE FACtor oF AgE is importAnt BECAusE thE ElEmEnts thAt mAkE up liFE sAtisFACtion mAy DiFFEr From onE AgE to thE nExt. inComE is morE likEly to prEDiCt liFE sAtisFACtion Among miDDlE AgED AnD olDEr ADults thAn Among young ADults. hEAlth is A morE signiFiCAnt prEDiCtor oF hAppinEss Among olDEr ADults thAn Among thE young or thE miDDlE AgE
D、howEvEr, AvErAgE lEvEls oF liFE sAtisFACtion Do not ChAngE signiFiCAntly with AgE. gEnErAlly spEAking, olDEr ADults ArE As sAtisFiED with thEir livEs As ArE youngEr or miDDlE-AgED ADults.
2thErE is no singlE ElEmEnt thAt guArAntEEs high liFE sAtisFACtion For EvEryonE who possEssEs it. hAppinEss sEEms to Consist oF mAny things thAt EACh pErson wEighs DiFFErEntly, suCh As inComE, EDuCAtion, work, AnD rElAtionships. howEvEr, CErtAin FACtors ArE rEliABlE prEDiCtors oF liFE sAtisFACtion. onE suCh prEDiCtor is hEAlth, EspECiAlly onE’s pErCEption oF onE’s own hEAlth rAthEr thAn A DoCtor’s oBjECtivE hEAlth AssEssmEnt.AnothEr prEDiCtor oF liFE sAtisFACtion is A FEEling oF BEing in ChArgE oF onE’s own liFE AnD A sEnsE oF Authority ovEr onE’s own DECisions.ADults who FEEl thAt thEy hAvE somE ChoiCEs AnD options ArE gEnErAlly hAppiEr thAn thosE who FEEl thAt thEir livEs ArE ControllED By othErs or By FAtE or ChAnCE. For ExAmplE, olDEr ADults who ExpEriEnCE FinAnCiAl strAin FEEl lEss liFE sAtisFACtion mAinly BECAusE thE proBlEm signAls A loss oF Control ovEr thEir livEs.
3thE lArgEst prEDiCtor oF liFE sAtisFACtion AppEArs to BE thE ADEquACy oF soCiAl rElAtionships, EspECiAlly mArriAgE AnD FAmily rElAtionships. thE pErCEivED quAlity rAthEr thAn thE quAntity oF soCiAl intErACtions is most strongly rElAtED to hAppinEss. sAtisFACtion with onE’s ClosE pErsonAl rElAtionships is morE ClosEly linkED to ovErAll liFE sAtisFACtion thAn EithEr DEmogrAphiC FACtors or sAtisFACtion with othEr kEy AspECts oF ADult liFE suCh As oCCupAtion. this is truE EvEn Among highly EDuCAtED mEn, who typiCAlly hAvE A vEry high CommitmEnt to thEir work. thE quAlity oF soCiAl support AvAilABlE in onE’s kEy rElAtionships AFFECts thE ABility to hAnDlE strEss AnD liFE ChAngEs As wEll As onE’s ongoing lEvEl oF liFE sAtisFACtion.
4stuDiEs suggEst thAt FAmily BACkgrounD AnD EArly-ADulthooD rEsourCEs ArE prEDiCtors oF psyChologiCAl hEAlth or suCCEss At miDliFE. pEoplE who AgE wEll ArE thosE who stArt out wEll. onE stuDy showED thAt thE hAppiEst AnD most suCCEssFul miDDlE-AgED ADults hAD grown up in wArm, supportivE, intEllECtuAlly stimulAting FAmiliEs. wEll-ADjustED or suCCEssFul miDDlE-AgED ADults BEgAn ADulthooD with morE pErsonAl rEsourCEs, inCluDing BEttEr psyChologiCAl AnD physiCAl hEAlth At CollEgE AgE. thEy Also hAD BEEn prACtiCAl AnD wEll orgAnizED in CollEgE AnD hAD shown grEAtEr intEllECtuAl CompEtEnCE.
5howEvEr, no mEAsurE oF EArly FAmily EnvironmEnt or EArly-ADult CompEtEnCE rEmAinED A signiFiCAnt prEDiCtor oF psyChologiCAl wEll BEing At thE EnD oF miDDlE AgE. onE stuDy oF mEn rEvEAlED thAt At thE AgE oF 65, thErE wErE no ChilDhooD or EArly-ADulthooD ChArACtEristiCs thAt DistinguishED BEtwEEn mEn who hAD turnED out wEll AnD thosE who hAD not. howEvEr, whAt DiD prEDiCt suCCEss AnD wEll BEing At AgE 65 wAs thE mEn’s hEAlth AnD ADjustmEnt At miDliFE. thEsE rEsults suggEst thAt A suCCEssFul ADult liFE is not somEthing prEorDAinED From ChilDhooD or EArly ADulthooD But rAthEr somEthing CrEAtED out oF thE opportunitiEs AvAilABlE ovEr thE CoursE oF onE’s liFE. lAtE-liFE suCCEss is rElAtED morE DirECtly to miDliFE quAlitiEs or ExpEriEnCEs. pEoplE who stArt out with CErtAin ADvAntAgEs hAvE A grEAtEr ChAnCE oF ExpEriEnCing FurthEr ADvAntAgEs; howEvEr, it is whAt onE DoEs with thE ExpEriEnCEs-Both positivE AnD nEgAtivE-thAt DEtErminEs long-tErm liFE sAtisFACtion. thE
D、sAtisFACtion
1liFE sAtisFACtion, whiCh CAn BE DEFinED As gEnErAl hAppinEss or wEll BEing, is rElAtED to sEvErAl DEmogrAphiC AnD pErsonAl quAlitiEs. thE FACtor oF AgE is importAnt BECAusE thE ElEmEnts thAt mAkE up liFE sAtisFACtion mAy DiFFEr From onE AgE to thE nExt. inComE is morE likEly to prEDiCt liFE sAtisFACtion Among miDDlE AgED AnD olDEr ADults thAn Among young ADults. hEAlth is A morE signiFiCAnt prEDiCtor oF hAppinEss Among olDEr ADults thAn Among thE young or thE miDDlE AgE
D、howEvEr, AvErAgE lEvEls oF liFE sAtisFACtion Do not ChAngE signiFiCAntly with AgE. gEnErAlly spEAking, olDEr ADults ArE As sAtisFiED with thEir livEs As ArE youngEr or miDDlE-AgED ADults.
2thErE is no singlE ElEmEnt thAt guArAntEEs high liFE sAtisFACtion For EvEryonE who possEssEs it. hAppinEss sEEms to Consist oF mAny things thAt EACh pErson wEighs DiFFErEntly, suCh As inComE, EDuCAtion, work, AnD rElAtionships. howEvEr, CErtAin FACtors ArE rEliABlE prEDiCtors oF liFE sAtisFACtion. onE suCh prEDiCtor is hEAlth, EspECiAlly onE’s pErCEption oF onE’s own hEAlth rAthEr thAn A DoCtor’s oBjECtivE hEAlth AssEssmEnt.AnothEr prEDiCtor oF liFE sAtisFACtion is A FEEling oF BEing in ChArgE oF onE’s own liFE AnD A sEnsE oF Authority ovEr onE’s own DECisions.ADults who FEEl thAt thEy hAvE somE ChoiCEs AnD options ArE gEnErAlly hAppiEr thAn thosE who FEEl thAt thEir livEs ArE ControllED By othErs or By FAtE or ChAnCE. For ExAmplE, olDEr ADults who ExpEriEnCE FinAnCiAl strAin FEEl lEss liFE sAtisFACtion mAinly BECAusE thE proBlEm signAls A loss oF Control ovEr thEir livEs.
3thE lArgEst prEDiCtor oF liFE sAtisFACtion AppEArs to BE thE ADEquACy oF soCiAl rElAtionships, EspECiAlly mArriAgE AnD FAmily rElAtionships. thE pErCEivED quAlity rAthEr thAn thE quAntity oF soCiAl intErACtions is most strongly rElAtED to hAppinEss. sAtisFACtion with onE’s ClosE pErsonAl rElAtionships is morE ClosEly linkED to ovErAll liFE sAtisFACtion thAn EithEr DEmogrAphiC FACtors or sAtisFACtion with othEr kEy AspECts oF ADult liFE suCh As oCCupAtion. this is truE EvEn Among highly EDuCAtED mEn, who typiCAlly hAvE A vEry high CommitmEnt to thEir work. thE quAlity oF soCiAl support AvAilABlE in onE’s kEy rElAtionships AFFECts thE ABility to hAnDlE strEss AnD liFE ChAngEs As wEll As onE’s ongoing lEvEl oF liFE sAtisFACtion.
4stuDiEs suggEst thAt FAmily BACkgrounD AnD EArly-ADulthooD rEsourCEs ArE prEDiCtors oF psyChologiCAl hEAlth or suCCEss At miDliFE. pEoplE who AgE wEll ArE thosE who stArt out wEll. onE stuDy showED thAt thE hAppiEst AnD most suCCEssFul miDDlE-AgED ADults hAD grown up in wArm, supportivE, intEllECtuAlly stimulAting FAmiliEs. wEll-ADjustED or suCCEssFul miDDlE-AgED ADults BEgAn ADulthooD with morE pErsonAl rEsourCEs, inCluDing BEttEr psyChologiCAl AnD physiCAl hEAlth At CollEgE AgE. thEy Also hAD BEEn prACtiCAl AnD wEll orgAnizED in CollEgE AnD hAD shown grEAtEr intEllECtuAl CompEtEnCE.
5howEvEr, no mEAsurE oF EArly FAmily EnvironmEnt or EArly-ADult CompEtEnCE rEmAinED A signiFiCAnt prEDiCtor oF psyChologiCAl wEll BEing At thE EnD oF miDDlE AgE. onE stuDy oF mEn rEvEAlED thAt At thE AgE oF 65, thErE wErE no ChilDhooD or EArly-ADulthooD ChArACtEristiCs thAt DistinguishED BEtwEEn mEn who hAD turnED out wEll AnD thosE who hAD not. howEvEr, whAt DiD prEDiCt suCCEss AnD wEll BEing At AgE 65 wAs thE mEn’s hEAlth AnD ADjustmEnt At miDliFE. thEsE rEsults suggEst thAt A suCCEssFul ADult liFE is not somEthing prEorDAinED From ChilDhooD or EArly ADulthooD But rAthEr somEthing CrEAtED out oF thE opportunitiEs AvAilABlE ovEr thE CoursE oF onE’s liFE. lAtE-liFE suCCEss is rElAtED morE DirECtly to miDliFE quAlitiEs or ExpEriEnCEs. pEoplE who stArt out with CErtAin ADvAntAgEs hAvE A grEAtEr ChAnCE oF ExpEriEnCing FurthEr ADvAntAgEs; howEvEr, it is whAt onE DoEs with thE ExpEriEnCEs-Both positivE AnD nEgAtivE-thAt DEtErminEs long-tErm liFE sAtisFACtion. thE
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