【单选题】 What is the author's main point in paragraph 3
A．Weathering makes it impossible to identify many fossil
B．Many fossils have been buried forever under the soi
C．Fossils provide a limited sample of ancient organism
D．It is easier to find the remains of plants than animal
A．Weathering makes it impossible to identify many fossil
B．Many fossils have been buried forever under the soi
C．Fossils provide a limited sample of ancient organism
D．It is easier to find the remains of plants than animal
【单选题】 Titanium has the (strength) of steel but weighs (half only) as much, hence its (advantage) for use (in aircraft).
A．strength
B．half only
C．advantage
D．in aircraft
A．strength
B．half only
C．advantage
D．in aircraft
【单选题】 One of the basic principles of wildlife conservation involves ______ adequate natural food and shelter to maintain populations of each species in a given habitat.
A．(the provision
B．(that provision
C．(to provide
D．(providing
A．(the provision
B．(that provision
C．(to provide
D．(providing
【单选题】
{$mediaurl} Why does the student go to see his adviser
A．To find out if he can change one of his classes
B．To ask her for a letter of recommendation
C．To check the time of his registration appointment
D．To learn if he still has required courses to take
{$mediaurl} Why does the student go to see his adviser
A．To find out if he can change one of his classes
B．To ask her for a letter of recommendation
C．To check the time of his registration appointment
D．To learn if he still has required courses to take
【单选题】DEvElopmEnts in th
E、ConstruCtion oF tAllBuilDings
1until thE ninEtEEnth CEntury, most tAll BuilDings wErE ConstruCtED oF loAD-BEAring mAsonry wAlls. mAsonry wAlls hAD to BE thiCk, pArtiCulArly At thE BAsE, to support A BuilDing’s grEAt wEight. stonEworkErs Built thEsE wAlls By plACing stonE upon stonE or BriCk upon BriCk, ADDing strEngth AnD stABility By plACing lAyErs oF mortAr or CEmEnt BEtwEEn thE stonEs. Floors AnD rooFs hAD to BE supportED By wooDEn BEAms, But thE mAjor vErtiCAl ForCE oF BuilDings wAs supportED By thiCk mAsonry wAlls. this imposED sErious limitAtions on thE numBEr AnD sizE oF winDows.
2in thE 1850s, An AltErnAtivE wAs EmErging thAt woulD EliminAtE thE nEED For ExtErior wEight-BEAring wAlls: A thrEE-DimEnsionAl griD oF mEtAl BEAms AnD Columns. thE introDuCtion oF mEtAl ConstruCtion mADE it possiBlE to BuilD lArgEr intErior spACEs with FEwEr Columns thAn BEForE. thE nEw ConstruCtion wAs CApABlE oF supporting All thE loADs to whiCh A BuilDing might BE suBjECtED, inCluDing thE vErtiCAl ForCEs CAusED By thE wEight oF thE Floors AnD thE horizontAl ForCEs CAusED By thE winD or EArthquAkEs.
3thE First BuilDings to DEpArt From thE loAD-BEAring wAll trADition wErE iron-FrAmED、wrought iron, shApED By hAmmEring thE hEAtED mEtAl or roiling it unDEr ExtrEmE prEssurE, ContAins Almost no CArBon, AnD whEn usED As Floor BEAms, it CAn support A grEAt DEAl oF wEight.An intErior wrought iron skElEton supportED All oF thE hnilDing’s wEight.ExtErior wAlls oF rEinForCED ConCrEtE ACtED mAinly As wEAthErprooFing.As mAsonry yiElDED to ConCrEtE, wAlls thAt onCE BorE wEight EvolvED into thin CurtAin wAlls thAt woulD Allow morE winDows. thEsE moDiFiCAtions proDuCED sturDiEr, lightEr, AnD tAllEr BuilDings thAt quiCkly BECAmE known As skysCrApErs. skysCrApErs sAtisFiED thE growing nEED For oFFiCE spACE, wArEhousEs, AnD DEpArtmEnt storEs.BuilDings oF Eight or morE storiEs quiCkly trAnsFormED thE City skylinE AnD DominAtED thE CEntrAl BusinEss DistriCts oFAmEriCAn CitiEs suCh As nEw york,ChiCAgo, AnD st. louis.
4skysCrApErs DiFFErED From prEvious tAll struCturEs with thEir usE oF tEChniCAl innovAtions suCh As CAst iron AnD thE ElEvAtor. thE DEvElopmEnt oF CAst iron tEChnology, in whiCh moltEn iron is pourED into A molD, mADE moDErn plumBing possiBlE.CAst iron pipEs, Fittings, AnD vAlvEs CoulD DElivEr prEssurizED wAtEr to thE mAny Floors oF tAll BuilDings AnD DrAin wAstEwAtEr out. thE invEntion oF thE mEChAniCAl ElEvAtor mADE it possiBlE to ConstruCt EvEn tAllEr BuilDings.BEForE thE ElEvAtor, oFFiCE BuilDings wErE rArEly morE thAn Four or FivE storiEs high. in 1857, thE First pAssEngEr ElEvAtor EquippED with sAFEty BrAkEs prEvEntED thE ElEvAtor From FAlling to thE BAsEmEnt whEn A CABlE BrokE. thE ElEvAtor mADE thE uppEr Floors As rEntABlE As thE First Floor, liBErAting ArChitECturE From DEpEnDEnCE on stAirwAys AnD humAn musClE.
5not only DiD thEsE innovAtions hAvE importAnt usEs in thE EnginEEring oF tAll BuilDings, But thEy Also ErAsED thE trADitionAl ArChitECturAl DistinCtions sEpArAting thE Bottom, miDDlE, AnD top oF A BuilDing.ArChitECts DEsignED towErs thAt rEAChED to thE hEAvEns in A Continuous vErtiCAl griD、iron ConstruCtion EstABlishED thE prinCiplE oF rEpEtitivE rhythms As A nAturAl ExprEssion oF ConstruCtion, As wEll As thE iDEA thAt BuilDings CoulD BE mADE oF nEw mAtEriAls on A vAst sCAlE.
6 ConstruCtion tEChniquEs wErE rEFinED AnD ExtEnDED ovEr thE nExt sEvErAl DECADEs to proDuCE whAt ArChitECturAl historiAns hAvE CAllED "truE skysCrApErs," BuilDings ovEr twEnty storiEs high. thE invEntion oF stEEl wAs pArtiCulArly signiFiCAnti As stEEl t-BEAms AnD i-BEAms rEplACED iron in thEsE nEw struCturEs. stEEl wEighs lEss thAn hAlF As muCh As mAsonry AnD ExCEEDs Both mAsonry AnD iron in tEnsion AnD ComprEssion strEngth As wEll As rEsistAnCE to FAtiguE. stEEl rivEts rEplACED iron Bolts AnD wErE in turn rEplACED By ElECt
E、ConstruCtion oF tAllBuilDings
1until thE ninEtEEnth CEntury, most tAll BuilDings wErE ConstruCtED oF loAD-BEAring mAsonry wAlls. mAsonry wAlls hAD to BE thiCk, pArtiCulArly At thE BAsE, to support A BuilDing’s grEAt wEight. stonEworkErs Built thEsE wAlls By plACing stonE upon stonE or BriCk upon BriCk, ADDing strEngth AnD stABility By plACing lAyErs oF mortAr or CEmEnt BEtwEEn thE stonEs. Floors AnD rooFs hAD to BE supportED By wooDEn BEAms, But thE mAjor vErtiCAl ForCE oF BuilDings wAs supportED By thiCk mAsonry wAlls. this imposED sErious limitAtions on thE numBEr AnD sizE oF winDows.
2in thE 1850s, An AltErnAtivE wAs EmErging thAt woulD EliminAtE thE nEED For ExtErior wEight-BEAring wAlls: A thrEE-DimEnsionAl griD oF mEtAl BEAms AnD Columns. thE introDuCtion oF mEtAl ConstruCtion mADE it possiBlE to BuilD lArgEr intErior spACEs with FEwEr Columns thAn BEForE. thE nEw ConstruCtion wAs CApABlE oF supporting All thE loADs to whiCh A BuilDing might BE suBjECtED, inCluDing thE vErtiCAl ForCEs CAusED By thE wEight oF thE Floors AnD thE horizontAl ForCEs CAusED By thE winD or EArthquAkEs.
3thE First BuilDings to DEpArt From thE loAD-BEAring wAll trADition wErE iron-FrAmED、wrought iron, shApED By hAmmEring thE hEAtED mEtAl or roiling it unDEr ExtrEmE prEssurE, ContAins Almost no CArBon, AnD whEn usED As Floor BEAms, it CAn support A grEAt DEAl oF wEight.An intErior wrought iron skElEton supportED All oF thE hnilDing’s wEight.ExtErior wAlls oF rEinForCED ConCrEtE ACtED mAinly As wEAthErprooFing.As mAsonry yiElDED to ConCrEtE, wAlls thAt onCE BorE wEight EvolvED into thin CurtAin wAlls thAt woulD Allow morE winDows. thEsE moDiFiCAtions proDuCED sturDiEr, lightEr, AnD tAllEr BuilDings thAt quiCkly BECAmE known As skysCrApErs. skysCrApErs sAtisFiED thE growing nEED For oFFiCE spACE, wArEhousEs, AnD DEpArtmEnt storEs.BuilDings oF Eight or morE storiEs quiCkly trAnsFormED thE City skylinE AnD DominAtED thE CEntrAl BusinEss DistriCts oFAmEriCAn CitiEs suCh As nEw york,ChiCAgo, AnD st. louis.
4skysCrApErs DiFFErED From prEvious tAll struCturEs with thEir usE oF tEChniCAl innovAtions suCh As CAst iron AnD thE ElEvAtor. thE DEvElopmEnt oF CAst iron tEChnology, in whiCh moltEn iron is pourED into A molD, mADE moDErn plumBing possiBlE.CAst iron pipEs, Fittings, AnD vAlvEs CoulD DElivEr prEssurizED wAtEr to thE mAny Floors oF tAll BuilDings AnD DrAin wAstEwAtEr out. thE invEntion oF thE mEChAniCAl ElEvAtor mADE it possiBlE to ConstruCt EvEn tAllEr BuilDings.BEForE thE ElEvAtor, oFFiCE BuilDings wErE rArEly morE thAn Four or FivE storiEs high. in 1857, thE First pAssEngEr ElEvAtor EquippED with sAFEty BrAkEs prEvEntED thE ElEvAtor From FAlling to thE BAsEmEnt whEn A CABlE BrokE. thE ElEvAtor mADE thE uppEr Floors As rEntABlE As thE First Floor, liBErAting ArChitECturE From DEpEnDEnCE on stAirwAys AnD humAn musClE.
5not only DiD thEsE innovAtions hAvE importAnt usEs in thE EnginEEring oF tAll BuilDings, But thEy Also ErAsED thE trADitionAl ArChitECturAl DistinCtions sEpArAting thE Bottom, miDDlE, AnD top oF A BuilDing.ArChitECts DEsignED towErs thAt rEAChED to thE hEAvEns in A Continuous vErtiCAl griD、iron ConstruCtion EstABlishED thE prinCiplE oF rEpEtitivE rhythms As A nAturAl ExprEssion oF ConstruCtion, As wEll As thE iDEA thAt BuilDings CoulD BE mADE oF nEw mAtEriAls on A vAst sCAlE.
6 ConstruCtion tEChniquEs wErE rEFinED AnD ExtEnDED ovEr thE nExt sEvErAl DECADEs to proDuCE whAt ArChitECturAl historiAns hAvE CAllED "truE skysCrApErs," BuilDings ovEr twEnty storiEs high. thE invEntion oF stEEl wAs pArtiCulArly signiFiCAnti As stEEl t-BEAms AnD i-BEAms rEplACED iron in thEsE nEw struCturEs. stEEl wEighs lEss thAn hAlF As muCh As mAsonry AnD ExCEEDs Both mAsonry AnD iron in tEnsion AnD ComprEssion strEngth As wEll As rEsistAnCE to FAtiguE. stEEl rivEts rEplACED iron Bolts AnD wErE in turn rEplACED By ElECt
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