【单选题】 All the major cities of the United States, （）_ the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of trade.
A. and to include
B. which including
C. included
D. including
A. and to include
B. which including
C. included
D. including
【单选题】 Although ComplEtE pArAlysis is rArE with nEuritis, somE DEgrEE oF musClE wEAknEss Common.
【单选题】A CAnADiAn primE ministEr must hAvE thE supportivE {{u/}} oF A mAjority oF thE mEmBErs {{u/}} oF thE housEoF Commons to rEmAin in oFFiCE.
【单选题】 BEnEAth thE surFACE oF thE oCEAn thErE liEs A hiDDEn worlD inhABit By plAnts AnD AnimAls wE rArEly sEE.
【单选题】gADgEts with A sportingChAnCE
ConsumEr ElECtroniCs: nEw sports EquipmEnt, From tEnnis rACkEts to running shoEs, usEs proCEssing powEr to EnhAnCE pErFormAnCE. is thAt FAir why shoulD Aspiring AthlEtEs stAnD on thE siDElinEs whEn A spot oF ElECtroniC AssistAnCE CAn put thEm in thE miDDlE oF thE gAmE thAt is thE quEstion mAny sports-EquipmEnt mAkErs ArE Asking As thEy sEnsE An opportunity to Boost thEir sAlEs with high-tECh proDuCts. you CoulD CAll it thE rEvEngE oF thE nErDs: A nEw wAvE oF miCroChip-EquippED sporting gooDs promisEs to EnhAnCE thE pErFormAnCE oF noviCEs AnD non-sporting typEs AlikE--AnD CoulD EvEn mAkE DiFFiCult sports EAsiEr.
tAkE Cross-Country skiing. viCtor pEtrEnko, An EnginEEr AtDArtmouthCollEgE’s iCE rEsEArCh lAB in nEw hAmpshirE, hAs invEntED somE smArt ski-BrAkEs thAt, hE BEliEvEs, will inCrEAsE thE populArity oF Cross-Country skiing By mAking thE sport lEss ChAllEnging For BEginnErs. thE BrAkEs, CurrEntly BEing tEstED By A ski mAnuFACturEr in thEAlps, oFFEr thE nECEssAry FriCtion For A BiggEr "kiCk-oFF ForCE" AnD mAkE thE skis lEss likEly to sliDE BACkwArDs in thEir trACks. to mAkE this hAppEn, An ElECtriC CurrEnt From thE Bottom oF thE skis pulsEs through thE iCE, mElting A thin lAyEr oF snow thAt instAntly rEFrEEzEs AnD ACts As A sort oF gluE.
this is not thE only Form oF smArt ski to hit thE slopEs.AtomiC, A lEADing ski-mAkEr BAsED inAustriA, plAns to introDuCE A systEm lAtEr this yEAr thAt runs A DiAgnostiC sAFEty ChECk to EnsurE thAt thE ski BinDing is propErly ClosED, with thE rEsult BEing shown on A tiny Built-in liquiD-CrystAl DisplAy. mEAnwhilE, tEnnis EquipmEnt mAnuFACturErs ArE hoping thAt innovAtion will Bring nEw zip to thEir BusinEss As wEll. thEy CErtAinly nEED to Do somEthing: ACCorDing to sportsCAnlnFo, A mArkEt-rEsEArCh Firm BAsED in FloriDA, sAlEs oF tEnnis rACkEts inAmEriCA FEll 12.5% During thE First hAlF oF 2004 CompArED with thE First hAlF oF 2003.
with thE BAll ClEArly in thEir Court, rEsEArChErs At hEAD, A mAkEr oF sporting EquipmEnt, hAvE DEvisED A proDuCt thAt shoulD AppEAl to plAyErs suFFEring From tEnnis ElBow.A、Chip insiDE thE rACkEt Controls piEzo-ElECtriC FiBrEs, whiCh ConvErt mEChAniCAl EnErgy From thE BAll’s impACt into ElECtriCAl potEntiAl EnErgy. this EnErgy is thEn usED to gEnErAtE A CountEr-ForCE in thE piEzo-ElECtriC FiBrEs thAt CAusEs A DAmpEning EFFECt.All oF this, thE Firm sAys, trAnslAtEs into lEss strEss on thE ElBow. hEAD ClAims thAt rEsiDuAl viBrAtions in thE rACkEt ArE DAmpEnED twiCE As FAst As in ConvEntionAl rACkEts, rEDuCing thE shoCk ExpEriEnCED By thE plAyEr’s Arm By morE thAn 50%.
no DouBt purists will oBjECt thAt this is simply not CriCkEt. rulE-mAkErs in mAny sports ArE now BEing ForCED to ConsiDEr thE impliCAtions oF EquipmEnt thAt promisEs to AugmEnt AthlEtEs’ pErFormAnCE with ElECtroniC musClE. thE intErnAtionAl tEnnis FEDErAtion, thAt BoDy is rEsponsiBlE For sEtting thE rulEs oF thE gAmE, hAs spECiFiED in its most rECEnt guiDElinEs thAt "no EnErgy sourCE thAt in Any wAy ChAngEs or AFFECts thE plAying ChArACtEristiCs oF A rACkEt mAy BE Built into or AttAChED to A rACkEt".
yEt DEspitE suCh worDing, thE guiDElinE DoEs not ACtuAlly EliminAtE thE usE oF hEAD’s smArt rACkEts, BECAusE thErE is no ExtErnAl EnErgy sourCE--thE DAmping EFFECt rEliEs solEly on EnErgy From thE BAll’s impACt. though high-tECh EquipmEnt mAy CAusE ControvErsy on thE Court, tEnnis CluBs hAvE to ADhErE to thE guiDElinEs sEt For thE sport, ExplAins stuArt millEr, thE itF’s tEChniCAl mAnAgEr.AnD iF thE rulEs Allow sElF-gEnErAtED ForCEs to moDiFy A rACkEt’s rEsponsE, so BE it.
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DiFFErEnt sports hAvE EnCountErED DiFFErEnt tEChnologiEs, though thE FuturE will unDouBtEDly Bring morE ovErlAp.
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in golF, gADgEts thAt pinpoint thE loCAtion oF thE g
ConsumEr ElECtroniCs: nEw sports EquipmEnt, From tEnnis rACkEts to running shoEs, usEs proCEssing powEr to EnhAnCE pErFormAnCE. is thAt FAir why shoulD Aspiring AthlEtEs stAnD on thE siDElinEs whEn A spot oF ElECtroniC AssistAnCE CAn put thEm in thE miDDlE oF thE gAmE thAt is thE quEstion mAny sports-EquipmEnt mAkErs ArE Asking As thEy sEnsE An opportunity to Boost thEir sAlEs with high-tECh proDuCts. you CoulD CAll it thE rEvEngE oF thE nErDs: A nEw wAvE oF miCroChip-EquippED sporting gooDs promisEs to EnhAnCE thE pErFormAnCE oF noviCEs AnD non-sporting typEs AlikE--AnD CoulD EvEn mAkE DiFFiCult sports EAsiEr.
tAkE Cross-Country skiing. viCtor pEtrEnko, An EnginEEr AtDArtmouthCollEgE’s iCE rEsEArCh lAB in nEw hAmpshirE, hAs invEntED somE smArt ski-BrAkEs thAt, hE BEliEvEs, will inCrEAsE thE populArity oF Cross-Country skiing By mAking thE sport lEss ChAllEnging For BEginnErs. thE BrAkEs, CurrEntly BEing tEstED By A ski mAnuFACturEr in thEAlps, oFFEr thE nECEssAry FriCtion For A BiggEr "kiCk-oFF ForCE" AnD mAkE thE skis lEss likEly to sliDE BACkwArDs in thEir trACks. to mAkE this hAppEn, An ElECtriC CurrEnt From thE Bottom oF thE skis pulsEs through thE iCE, mElting A thin lAyEr oF snow thAt instAntly rEFrEEzEs AnD ACts As A sort oF gluE.
this is not thE only Form oF smArt ski to hit thE slopEs.AtomiC, A lEADing ski-mAkEr BAsED inAustriA, plAns to introDuCE A systEm lAtEr this yEAr thAt runs A DiAgnostiC sAFEty ChECk to EnsurE thAt thE ski BinDing is propErly ClosED, with thE rEsult BEing shown on A tiny Built-in liquiD-CrystAl DisplAy. mEAnwhilE, tEnnis EquipmEnt mAnuFACturErs ArE hoping thAt innovAtion will Bring nEw zip to thEir BusinEss As wEll. thEy CErtAinly nEED to Do somEthing: ACCorDing to sportsCAnlnFo, A mArkEt-rEsEArCh Firm BAsED in FloriDA, sAlEs oF tEnnis rACkEts inAmEriCA FEll 12.5% During thE First hAlF oF 2004 CompArED with thE First hAlF oF 2003.
with thE BAll ClEArly in thEir Court, rEsEArChErs At hEAD, A mAkEr oF sporting EquipmEnt, hAvE DEvisED A proDuCt thAt shoulD AppEAl to plAyErs suFFEring From tEnnis ElBow.A、Chip insiDE thE rACkEt Controls piEzo-ElECtriC FiBrEs, whiCh ConvErt mEChAniCAl EnErgy From thE BAll’s impACt into ElECtriCAl potEntiAl EnErgy. this EnErgy is thEn usED to gEnErAtE A CountEr-ForCE in thE piEzo-ElECtriC FiBrEs thAt CAusEs A DAmpEning EFFECt.All oF this, thE Firm sAys, trAnslAtEs into lEss strEss on thE ElBow. hEAD ClAims thAt rEsiDuAl viBrAtions in thE rACkEt ArE DAmpEnED twiCE As FAst As in ConvEntionAl rACkEts, rEDuCing thE shoCk ExpEriEnCED By thE plAyEr’s Arm By morE thAn 50%.
no DouBt purists will oBjECt thAt this is simply not CriCkEt. rulE-mAkErs in mAny sports ArE now BEing ForCED to ConsiDEr thE impliCAtions oF EquipmEnt thAt promisEs to AugmEnt AthlEtEs’ pErFormAnCE with ElECtroniC musClE. thE intErnAtionAl tEnnis FEDErAtion, thAt BoDy is rEsponsiBlE For sEtting thE rulEs oF thE gAmE, hAs spECiFiED in its most rECEnt guiDElinEs thAt "no EnErgy sourCE thAt in Any wAy ChAngEs or AFFECts thE plAying ChArACtEristiCs oF A rACkEt mAy BE Built into or AttAChED to A rACkEt".
yEt DEspitE suCh worDing, thE guiDElinE DoEs not ACtuAlly EliminAtE thE usE oF hEAD’s smArt rACkEts, BECAusE thErE is no ExtErnAl EnErgy sourCE--thE DAmping EFFECt rEliEs solEly on EnErgy From thE BAll’s impACt. though high-tECh EquipmEnt mAy CAusE ControvErsy on thE Court, tEnnis CluBs hAvE to ADhErE to thE guiDElinEs sEt For thE sport, ExplAins stuArt millEr, thE itF’s tEChniCAl mAnAgEr.AnD iF thE rulEs Allow sElF-gEnErAtED ForCEs to moDiFy A rACkEt’s rEsponsE, so BE it.
【单选题】 The novelist John Steinbeck is mentioned in line 14 because he
A．( conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys
B．( was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests
C．( described the materials ospreys can use to build their nests
D．( compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species
A．( conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys
B．( was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests
C．( described the materials ospreys can use to build their nests
D．( compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species
【单选题】 ______ the son of an impoverished farmer, was born on Long Island.
A．(The poet was Walt Whitman
B．(When the poet Walt Whitman
C．(The poet Walt Whitman
D．(That the poet Walt Whitman
A．(The poet was Walt Whitman
B．(When the poet Walt Whitman
C．(The poet Walt Whitman
D．(That the poet Walt Whitman
【单选题】 The hourglass, an instrument used _________, usually consists of two bulbs united by a narrow neck.
A．( measures time
B．( time is measured
C．( for measuring time
D．( the time for measuring
A．( measures time
B．( time is measured
C．( for measuring time
D．( the time for measuring
【单选题】mountAinClimBing
mountAin ClimBing, or AsCEnDing mountAins, is populAr worlDwiDE, whErEvEr hills risE high Enough to proviDE A ChAllEngE. thE ACtivity’s rEwArDs inCluDE thE physiCAl ExErCisE it proviDEs, thE sAtisFACtion oF ovErComing DiFFiCultiEs By working with othErs, thE thrill oF rEAChing A summit, AnD thE unoBstruCtED viEws From A mountAintop.ExplorAtion AnD rEsEArCh ArE othEr rEAsons thAt pEoplE ClimB mountAins. sinCE AnCiEnt timEs, pEoplE hAvE viEwED mountAin pEAks As towEring oBjECts oF myth, spirituAl inspirAtion, AnD romAntiC BEAuty.EArly pEoplEs mADE AsCEnts only to hunt gAmE, to rEsCuE lost or strAyED AnimAls, or to gAin A militAry ADvAntAgE ovEr An EnEmy.EvEntuAlly, thE unknown AnD inACCEssiBlE pEAks CEAsED to BE FEArED AnD AvoiDED, AnD thE ConquEst oF thE mAjor mountAin pEAks AnD rAngEs oF thE worlD BEgAn. mountAinEEring As A sport wAs Born onAugust 8,1786. sinCE thAt AsCEnt, mountAin ClimBing hAs EvolvED into thrEE rElAtED sports: AlpinE ClimBing, iCE ClimBing, AnD roCk ClimBing. thEsE sports rEquirE thE sAmE FunDAmEntAl tEChniquEs.
thE stylE oF Alpinism or AlpinE ClimBing EnCompAssEs muCh oF thE BAsiC ClimBing tEChniquEs, EquipmEnt, AnD sAFEty prECAutions thAt Form thE BAsis For iCE ClimBing AnD roCk ClimBing.AlpinE ClimBing BEgAn in thEEuropEAnAlps in thE lAtE 18th CEntury AnD is now prACtiCED in All mountAin rAngEs oF thE worlD、AlpinE ClimBing involvEs thE Continuous AsCEnt oF A mountAin pEAk ovEr A pErioD oF onE to sEvErAl DAys By A tEAm oF At lEAst two Alpinists. tEAms mAy Consist oF As mAny As Four ClimBErs. thE ClimBErs CArry All thE EquipmEnt thEy nEED—A CAmping stovE AnD FuEl, slEEping BAgs, slEEping mAts, A tEnt or BivouAC sACk, First AiD gEAr, A wAtEr BottlE, AnD FooD、EACh night thE ClimBErs spEnD thE night on A mountAin lEDgE BEForE Continuing upwArD、
iCE ClimBing grEw out oF trADitionAl mountAinEEring, AnD iCE ClimBErs usE thE BAsiC EquipmEnt, tEChniquEs, AnD sAFEty prECAutions thAt Alpinists Do, with CErtAin spECiAlizED ChAngEs to ACCount For thE ADDED DiFFiCultiEs oF AsCEnDing vErtiCAl shEEts oF iCE. For ExAmplE,ECkEnstEin’s tEn-point CrAmpons EnABlED mountAinEErs to AsCEnD morE DiFFiCult AnD stEEpEr ClimBs ovEr iCy routEs.A、[■]iCE ClimBErs lAtEr CrEAtED morE rADiCAlly DroopED iCE AxE piCks AnD ErgonomiCAlly DEsignED iCE AxE shAFts, Allowing thEm to vEnturE onto Continuously vErtiCAl, AnD EvEn ovErhAnging, FrozEn wAtErFAlls.
in thE EArly 20th CEntury, FrEnCh AnD gErmAn mountAinEErs sought out nEw ChAllEngEs By trAining on CliFFs AnD BoulDErs nEAr thEir homEs.B、[■]thE EArliEst DoCumEntED roCk ClimB DonE For sport wAs thE 35-m high nApE’s nEEDlE in thE lAkEDistriCt oFEnglAnD、C、[■]ClimBing ArEAs mAy BE rElAtivEly smAll CrAgs oF roCk, lArgE CAnyon siDEwAlls, or immEnsE mountAin FACEs.D、[■]grAnitE, limEstonE, sAnDstonE, mEtAmorphosED sChist, AnD gnEiss ArE thE FivE most populAr roCk typEs For ClimBing.
in rECEnt yEArs, wEll-puBliCizED suCCEssEs AnD trAgEDiEs in mountAinEEring ACtivitiEs AnD improvEmEnts in ClimBing EquipmEnt hAvE givEn risE to An inCrEAsED numBEr oF mountAin ClimBErs worlDwiDE. thE sport’s populArity hAs lED somE CountriEs to rEquirE mountAinEErs to purChAsE ClimBing pErmits. himAlAyAn ExpEDitions must Also pAy An EnvironmEntAl BonD to guArAntEE thAt thEy will rEmovE All oF thEir wAstE At thE ConClusion oF thEir trip.
EnvironmEntAl protECtion EFForts ArE unDErwAy At mAny roCk ClimBing ArEAs to EAsE ECologiCAl strAins on populAr ArEAs. loCAl ClimBErs pArtiCipAtE in An AnnuAl ClEAnup DAy to mAintAin ApproACh trAils, wAsh gymnAstiC ChAlk oFF thE roCk, AnD piCk up littEr. thEACCEss FunD is thE nAtionAl orgAnizAtion thAt hElps ClimBErs gAin ACCEss to ClimBing ArEAs AnD Also Assists with EnvironmEntAl proBlEms AssoCiAtED with CliFFs in thE unitED stAtEs.
BEginning in thE 1980s inDoor roCk-ClimBing gyms hAvE plAyED A kEy rolE in introDuCing lArgE numBErs oF
mountAin ClimBing, or AsCEnDing mountAins, is populAr worlDwiDE, whErEvEr hills risE high Enough to proviDE A ChAllEngE. thE ACtivity’s rEwArDs inCluDE thE physiCAl ExErCisE it proviDEs, thE sAtisFACtion oF ovErComing DiFFiCultiEs By working with othErs, thE thrill oF rEAChing A summit, AnD thE unoBstruCtED viEws From A mountAintop.ExplorAtion AnD rEsEArCh ArE othEr rEAsons thAt pEoplE ClimB mountAins. sinCE AnCiEnt timEs, pEoplE hAvE viEwED mountAin pEAks As towEring oBjECts oF myth, spirituAl inspirAtion, AnD romAntiC BEAuty.EArly pEoplEs mADE AsCEnts only to hunt gAmE, to rEsCuE lost or strAyED AnimAls, or to gAin A militAry ADvAntAgE ovEr An EnEmy.EvEntuAlly, thE unknown AnD inACCEssiBlE pEAks CEAsED to BE FEArED AnD AvoiDED, AnD thE ConquEst oF thE mAjor mountAin pEAks AnD rAngEs oF thE worlD BEgAn. mountAinEEring As A sport wAs Born onAugust 8,1786. sinCE thAt AsCEnt, mountAin ClimBing hAs EvolvED into thrEE rElAtED sports: AlpinE ClimBing, iCE ClimBing, AnD roCk ClimBing. thEsE sports rEquirE thE sAmE FunDAmEntAl tEChniquEs.
thE stylE oF Alpinism or AlpinE ClimBing EnCompAssEs muCh oF thE BAsiC ClimBing tEChniquEs, EquipmEnt, AnD sAFEty prECAutions thAt Form thE BAsis For iCE ClimBing AnD roCk ClimBing.AlpinE ClimBing BEgAn in thEEuropEAnAlps in thE lAtE 18th CEntury AnD is now prACtiCED in All mountAin rAngEs oF thE worlD、AlpinE ClimBing involvEs thE Continuous AsCEnt oF A mountAin pEAk ovEr A pErioD oF onE to sEvErAl DAys By A tEAm oF At lEAst two Alpinists. tEAms mAy Consist oF As mAny As Four ClimBErs. thE ClimBErs CArry All thE EquipmEnt thEy nEED—A CAmping stovE AnD FuEl, slEEping BAgs, slEEping mAts, A tEnt or BivouAC sACk, First AiD gEAr, A wAtEr BottlE, AnD FooD、EACh night thE ClimBErs spEnD thE night on A mountAin lEDgE BEForE Continuing upwArD、
iCE ClimBing grEw out oF trADitionAl mountAinEEring, AnD iCE ClimBErs usE thE BAsiC EquipmEnt, tEChniquEs, AnD sAFEty prECAutions thAt Alpinists Do, with CErtAin spECiAlizED ChAngEs to ACCount For thE ADDED DiFFiCultiEs oF AsCEnDing vErtiCAl shEEts oF iCE. For ExAmplE,ECkEnstEin’s tEn-point CrAmpons EnABlED mountAinEErs to AsCEnD morE DiFFiCult AnD stEEpEr ClimBs ovEr iCy routEs.A、[■]iCE ClimBErs lAtEr CrEAtED morE rADiCAlly DroopED iCE AxE piCks AnD ErgonomiCAlly DEsignED iCE AxE shAFts, Allowing thEm to vEnturE onto Continuously vErtiCAl, AnD EvEn ovErhAnging, FrozEn wAtErFAlls.
in thE EArly 20th CEntury, FrEnCh AnD gErmAn mountAinEErs sought out nEw ChAllEngEs By trAining on CliFFs AnD BoulDErs nEAr thEir homEs.B、[■]thE EArliEst DoCumEntED roCk ClimB DonE For sport wAs thE 35-m high nApE’s nEEDlE in thE lAkEDistriCt oFEnglAnD、C、[■]ClimBing ArEAs mAy BE rElAtivEly smAll CrAgs oF roCk, lArgE CAnyon siDEwAlls, or immEnsE mountAin FACEs.D、[■]grAnitE, limEstonE, sAnDstonE, mEtAmorphosED sChist, AnD gnEiss ArE thE FivE most populAr roCk typEs For ClimBing.
in rECEnt yEArs, wEll-puBliCizED suCCEssEs AnD trAgEDiEs in mountAinEEring ACtivitiEs AnD improvEmEnts in ClimBing EquipmEnt hAvE givEn risE to An inCrEAsED numBEr oF mountAin ClimBErs worlDwiDE. thE sport’s populArity hAs lED somE CountriEs to rEquirE mountAinEErs to purChAsE ClimBing pErmits. himAlAyAn ExpEDitions must Also pAy An EnvironmEntAl BonD to guArAntEE thAt thEy will rEmovE All oF thEir wAstE At thE ConClusion oF thEir trip.
EnvironmEntAl protECtion EFForts ArE unDErwAy At mAny roCk ClimBing ArEAs to EAsE ECologiCAl strAins on populAr ArEAs. loCAl ClimBErs pArtiCipAtE in An AnnuAl ClEAnup DAy to mAintAin ApproACh trAils, wAsh gymnAstiC ChAlk oFF thE roCk, AnD piCk up littEr. thEACCEss FunD is thE nAtionAl orgAnizAtion thAt hElps ClimBErs gAin ACCEss to ClimBing ArEAs AnD Also Assists with EnvironmEntAl proBlEms AssoCiAtED with CliFFs in thE unitED stAtEs.
BEginning in thE 1980s inDoor roCk-ClimBing gyms hAvE plAyED A kEy rolE in introDuCing lArgE numBErs oF
【单选题】By) the late (twelve) century, stained glass (had emerged) inEurope (as an) integral part of Gothic architecture.
A、By
B．twelve
C．had emerged
D．as an
A、By
B．twelve
C．had emerged
D．as an
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