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TheRosettaStoneThingswerenotgoingwellfor
The Rosetta Stone
Things were not going well for Ptolemy V, king ofEgypt in the second centuryB、
C、He was not one of the all-powerfulEgyptian pharaohs who had ruled for many centuries. The young king was one of the Ptolemaic pharaohs who were of Greek heritage, descendants of a ruler put in place byAlexander the Great when he conqueredEgypt in the fourth centuryB、
C、The reign of Ptolemy V was a time of civil unrest and foreign incurious, and the king was unpopular. It was time for a public-relations campaign. The priests of the king wrote a short history of the king’s family, described his accomplishments, and explained his future plans. This message was written on stone tablets in demoticEgyptian for the common people, inEgyptian hieroglyphs for the priests, and in Greek for the ruling class. Thus, it was written in two languages but in three scripts. These tablets were posted all overEgypt.
Almost two thousand years later, in 1799, the French army, led by NapoleonBonaparte, was occupyingEgypt. Several years earlier, Napoleon’s army had defeated theBritish army nearCairo and had taken over the country. However, theBritish fleet had destroyed the French navy and there was no way for the French soldiers to return home.During this "extended vacation", French military engineers strengthened existing defensive positions. In the port town of Rosetta (now known asEI-Rashid), the French were rebuilding an old fort whenCaptain Pierre-FrancoisBouchard discovered an irregularly shaped slab made of dark granite (often misidentified as basalt) with three types of writings on it in three distinct bands.Besides military forces, Napoleon had also brought scientists and scholars with him. The Rosetta Stone, as it became known, was turned over to them. They quickly realized that the three scripts contained the same message.
They translated the Greek quickly but could not understand the other two scripts.
In 1801, the French were forced to surrender. Under the terms of the Treaty ofAlexandria, theBritish claimed the artifacts that the French had found during their occupation. The French tried to smuggle the Rosetta Stone out ofEgypt in a small boat but faileD、The stone was brought to London and presented to theBritish Museum. On the back of the stone is the painted message, "Captured by theBritishArmy inEgypt in 1801".
It was through the Rosetta Stone that scholars learned how to readEgyptian hieroglyphs. The hieroglyphic alphabet, one of the earliest writing systems ever developed, had been used by theEgyptians for 3,500 years.
However, it is far more complex than simple picture writing and contains thousands of symbols.

AfterEgypt was conquered by the Romans, Latin became the dominant language, and by the fourth centuryA、D、, no one could understand the symbols.

Before the Rosetta Stone was discovered, some scholars even believed that hieroglyphs were not really an alphabet but were merely decorations.

Copies of the Rosetta Stone were sent by theBritish Museum to linguists all overEurope, but learning which Greek word represented which hieroglyph proved difficult. It was the brilliant French linguist Jean FrancoisChampollion who finally unlocked the mystery. He began studying the Rosetta Stone at the age of 18.After fourteen years, he deciphered the code. In a letter to the French RoyalAcademy of Inscriptions, he explained the three basic assumptions that led to a translation: (1) TheCopticEgyptian language, still spoken by a small group ofEgyptians, was the final stage of the ancientEgyptian
A．Shewillhelpthemanlookforthebook.B．Shek

A、She will help the man look for the book.
B．She knows where the man’s book is.
C．She will return the book to the man later.
D．She saw someone walk away with the man’s book.
A．Theincreaseinthenumberofcongressionalr

A、The increase in the number of congressional representatives
B．The process of hiring congressional staff members
C．The role of congressional representatives’ aides
D．The structure of congressional elections
Archaeologicaldiscoverieshaveledsomescho
Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian　　　 inventors of writing may have been a people the laterBabylonians called Subarians.According to　　　 tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south.By about 3100
B、C, They　　　 Were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became(5) 　synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of　　　 the Tigris andEuphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000
B、C、　　　 They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and　　　 weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most　　　 important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of(10)　 communication.　　　 Archacologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years.Archacologists working at　　　 Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets.　　　 Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic oneAkkadian), on which scholars　　　 had already been working for a generation.But other tablets were inscribed in another language(15)　 that was not Semitic and previously unknown.Because these inscriptions mad reference to the　　　 king of Summer andAkkad, a scholar suggested that the mew language be called Sumerian.　　　 But it was not until the 1890’’s that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of　　　 Nieveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only.Because theAkkadians　　　 thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today),(20)　 they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercised, and other　　　 study aids on tablets. Working from knownAkkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars　　　 since the 1890’’s have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities　　　 of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.The phrase "synonymous with" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
A、equivalent to

B、important for
C．respected in
D．familiar with
口语你喜欢在家看DVD还是去电影院
口语你喜欢在家看DVD还是去电影院
CivilizationBeforeabout3500BC,therewerec
Civilization
Before about 3500BC, there were cultures, but not civilizations. Prehistoric men and women created societies, constructed houses, lived in villages, hunted and fished, farmed, made pottery, wove cloth and created languages.But unlike more advanced peoples, they did not build cities, read or write.Cities are the cornerstone of civilized life because with them came other civilizing elements, including differentiation of classes and employment, sophisticated religious and political systems, monumental architecture and the formation of states and empires.
Historians usually begin the story of civilization with accounts of the world’s first great writers and city-builders, the Sumerians.Because the Sumerians recorded ideas and sagas and listed the names of their rulers, we know more about them than about prehistoric peoples who left their legacy in stones, bones and pottery.
With the ability to build cities and record thoughts came the ability to communicate ideas and innovations over vast reaches of time and space. Human beings—who had formerly taken hundreds of thousands of years to learn that a stone ax sharpened on both sides is more useful than an ax sharpened on one side—progressed rapidly from foot travel to horse drawn carts, and later from railways to airplanes. With these and thousands of other innovations, people came to live longer, more comfortable lives.
Civilization also brought new ills to humanity. In the 20th century it brought nuclear warfare, global warming, and ozone depletion. More subtly, civilization removed human beings from regular encounters with the wonders of the natural worlD、Unlike people of modern civilizations, primitive people lived close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. They looked at fire and the stars with awe and reverence.Civilization involves the ability to create a new political and cultural worlD、In the 19th century theAmerican writer, philosopher and naturalist HenryDavid Thoreau noted that this artificial sphere separates humanity from primitive virtue. "Most of the luxuries", he argued, "and many of the so-called comforts of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankinD、" Thoreau believed that men and women should simplify their lives.
A、[■] To live well and happily usually doesn’t mean to live very luxuriously, the material enjoyment and much expense can satisfy you to some extent, but to enjoy a simple life also can make you feel fine and comfortable, something in your mind or in your spiritual world can bring more or influence much on your life and your happiness value.
B、[■] They expressed this sense of regret in the story of Prometheus and PandorA、Contrary to the wishes of other gods, Prometheus brought to humanity the gifts of fire, art and science. The jealous gods were unwilling to allow men and women to enjoy such blessings without cost, and so they sent Pandora to the world with a box containing disease, sorrow and other evils.
C、[■] From then on, the world wasn’t quiet or fortunate all the time, some people suffered from them and always got punished in one way or other. The people began to pay as well as they gain some achievement during the progress process. Human beings have viewed civilization as a mixed blessing.Civilized people have waged brutal wars, destroyed majestic forests and persecuted religious minorities.
D、[■]But civilizations have also achieved wonders.
We cannot list with words all the achievements of the human beings with the help and development of civilization. The abilities of writing and reading can spread one kind of culture or invention to other places, and advanced science and technology have allowed human beings to enjoy much more convenient and interesting lives. With many inventions of modern life, many places where people could not reac
PhysicalandChemicalPropertiesandChangesS
Physical andChemical Properties andChanges
Sugar, water, and aluminum are different substances.Each substance has specific properties that do not depend on the quantity of the substance. Properties that can be used to identify or characterize a substance--and distinguish that substance from other substances--are called characteristic properties. They are subdivided into two categories: physical properties and chemical properties.
The characteristic physical properties of a substance are those that identify the substance without causing a change in the composition of the substance. They do not depend on the quantity of substance.
Color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, metallic luster or shininess, ductility, malleability, and viscosity, are all characteristic physical properties. For example, aluminum is a metal that is both ductile and malleable.
Another example of a physical property is water. Whether a small pan of water is raised to its boiling point or a very large kettle of water is raised to its boiling point, the temperature at which the water boils is the same value, 100 degreesC、or 212 degrees F.
Similarly, the freezing point of water is 0 degreesC、or 32 degrees F. These values are independent of quantity.
Characteristic properties that relate to changes in the composition of a substance or to how it reacts with other substances are called chemical properties. The following questions pertain to the chemical properties of a substance.
1.Does it burn in air
2.Does it decompose (break up into smaller substances) when heated
3. What happens when it is placed in an acid
4. What other chemicals will it react with, and what substances are obtained from the reaction
Characteristic physical and chemical properties also called intensive properties are used to identify a substance. In addition to the characteristic physical properties already mentioned, some intensive physical properties include the tendency to dissolve in water, electrical conductivity, and density, which is the ratio of mass to volume.
Additional intensive chemical properties include the tendency of a sub-stance to react with another substance, to tarnish, to corrode, to explode, or to act as a poison or carcinogen (cancer-causing agent).
Extensive properties of substances are those that depend on the quantity of the sample, including measurements of mass, volume, and length. Whereas intensive properties help identify or characterize a particular kind of matter, extensive properties relate to the amount present.
If a lump of candle wax is cut or broken into smaller pieces, or if it is melted(a change of state), the sample remaining is still candle wax. When cooled, the molten wax returns to a soliD、In these examples, only a physical change has taken place; that is, the composition of the substance was not affecteD、
When a candle is burned, there are both physical and chemical changes.After the candle is lighted, the solid wax near the burning wick melts. This is a physical change; the composition of the wax does not change as it goes from solid to liquiD、Some of the wax is drawn into the burning wick where a chemical change occurs. Here, wax in the candle flame reacts chemically with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. In any chemical change, one or more substances are used up while one or more new substances are formeD、The new substances produced have their own unique physical and chemical properties.
The apparent disappearance of something, like the candle
WhichofthefollowingisNOTasuggestionforde
Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for dealing with violent programs
A、They should be banned only for children.
B、They should be banned for both children and adults.
C、They should be banned only for adults.
D、They shouldn’t be banned, for it is art.
1Severalmenhavebeenresponsibleforpromoti
1Several men have been responsible for promoting forestry as a profession. Foremost was Gifford Pinchot, the father of professional forestry inAmeric
A、He was chief of the Forest Service from 1898 until 1910, working with President Theodore Roosevelt to instigate sound conservation practices in forests. Later he was professor of forestry and founder of the Pinchot School of Forestry at Yale University.Another great forester wasDr.Bernard
E、Fernow, the first head of the U.S. Forest Service. He organized the firstAmerican school of professional forestry atCornell University.
2The foresters of today, like Pinchot and Fernow in the past, plan and supervise the growth, protection, and utilization of trees. They make maps of forest areas, estimate the amount of standing timber and future growth, and manage timber sales. They also protect the trees from fire, harmful insects, and disease. Some foresters may be responsible for other duties, ranging from wildlife protection and watershed management to the development and supervision of camps, parks, and grazing lands. Others do research, provide information to forest owners and to the general public, and teach in colleges and universities.
Why does the author compare Pinchot and Fernow to the foresters of today
A、To describe different philosophies of forestry management
B．To show how the field of forestry has changed in 100 years

C、To argue for the expansion of university forestry programs
D．To introduce the types of work done by professional foresters
AirBagAnairbagisaninflatablecushiondesig
AirBag
An air bag is an inflatable cushion designed to protect automobile occupants from serious injury in the case of a collision. The air bag is part of an inflatable restraint system, also known as an air cushion restraint systemACRS) or an air bag supplemental restraint system (SRS), because the air bag is designed to supplement the protection offered by seat belts. Seat belts are still needed to hold the occupant securely in place, especially in side impacts, rear impacts, and rollovers. Upon detecting a collision, air bags inflate instantly to cushion the exposed occupant with a big gas-filled pillow.
A、typical air bag system consists of an air bag module, crash sensors, a diagnostic monitoring unit, a steering wheel connecting coil, and an indicator lamp.
These components are all interconnected by a wiring harness and powered by the vehicle’s battery.
Air bag systems hold a reserve charge after the ignition has been turned off or after the battery has been disconnecteD、
Since components vital to the system’s operation might sit dormant for years, the air bag circuitry performs an internal "self-test" during each startup, usually indicated by a light on the instrument panel that glows briefly at each startup.

The air bag traces its origin to air-filled bladders outlined as early as
1941 and first patented in the 1950s.Early air bag systems were large and bulky, primarily using tanks of compressed or heated air, compressed nitrogen gas (N₂), freon, or carbon dioxideCO₂). Some of the early systems created hazardous byproducts. One particular system used gunpowder to heat up freon gas, producing phosgene gasCOCl₂)--an extremely poisonous gas.
One of the first patents for automobile air bags was awarded to industrial engineer John Hetrick onAugust 18, 1953.Conceived by Hetrick after a near accident in 1952, the design called for a tank of compressed air under the hood and inflatable bags on the steering wheel, in the middle of the dashboard, and in the glove compartment to protect front seat occupants, and on the back of the front seat to protect rear seat passengers. The force of a collision would propel a sliding weight forward to send air into the bags. Many other inventors and researchers followed suit, all exploring slightly different designs, so that the exact technical trail from the early designs to the present system is impossible to note with certainty.
In 1968, John Piet, a chemist for TalleyDefense Systems, pioneered a solid propellant using sodium azide (NaN₃) and a metallic oxide. This was the first nitrogen-generating solid propellant, and it soon replaced the older, bulkier systems. Sodium azide in its solid state is toxic if ingested in large doses, but in automotive applications is carefully sealed inside a steel or aluminum container within the air bag system. Since the 1960s, air bag-equipped cars in controlled tests and everyday use have demonstrated effectiveness and reliability. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety conducted a study of the federal government’s FatalAccident Reporting System using data from 1985 to 1991, and concluded that driver fatalities in frontal collisions were lowered by 28 percent in automobiles equipped with air bags.According to another study conducted in 1989 by General Motors, the combination of lap/shoulder safety belts and air bags in frontal collisions reduced driver fatalities by 46 percent and front passenger fatalities by 43 percent.
In response to consumers’ increased safety concerns and insurance industry pressure, the federal government has forced