托福考试题库_网考网(Netkao.com)

{$mediaurl}[*][*][*]Wherewasthemainstair

{$mediaurl}
[*][*]
[*] Where was the main staircase located in a seventeenth-century house
A．In the porch
B．In the hall
C．In the parlor
D．In the bedroom
What’sthemostimportantqualityagoodneighb
What’s the most important quality a good neighbor should have Include reasons and details to support your response.
In1903themembersofthegoverningboardofthe
In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington. In　　　 Seattle. engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor　　　 environments--OlmstedBrothers ofBrookline, Massachusetts-to advise them on an　　　 appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials,(5) and in time many of its recommendations were implementeD、City officials in Seattle, the　　　 largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the　　　 same organization to study Seattle’’s public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation　　　 and subsequent report on Seattle’’s parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should　　　 be adapted to the local topography, utilize the area’’s trees and shrubs, and be available to(10)the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serene settings　　　 where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the　　　 Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would　　　 tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There would be local　　　 parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway,(15)which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system.　　　 In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and　　　 it automatically became the master plan for the city’’s park system. Prior to this report,　　　 Seattle’’s park development was very limited and funding meager.All this changed　　　 after the report.Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures(20)amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted　　　 guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best　　　 for theAlaska-Yukon-PacificExposition of 1909, the ParksBoard bought aggressively.　　　By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in　　　 playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the(25)future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that　　　 established Seattle’’s park system.What does the passage mainly discuss
A、The planned development of Seattle’’s public park system
B．The organization of the Seattle city government

C、The history of the OlmstedBrothers architectural firm
D．The design and building of the University of Washington campus
{$mediaurl}Whatisthetopicofthediscussion

{$mediaurl} What is the topic of the discussionA．Ideas behind forms of historical research.
B．History of successful expansion of world empires.
Connections between culture and transportation.
D．Ancient systems of laws and social control.
Leshirondelles_______leprintemps.A．annon
Les hirondelles _______ le printemps. A．annoncent
B．informent
C．renseignent
D．disent
WhatwilllikelyhappennextA．Thestudentwill
What will likely happen next
A、The student will refuse the assistantship.
B．The student will check the department mail.
C．The professor will give the student his syllabus.
D．The professor will give the job to another student.
ThermoregulationMammalsandbirdsgenerally
Thermoregulation
Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36-38~C、for most mammals and 39-42℃ for most birds) that is usually considerably warmer than the environment.Because heat always flows from a warm object to cooler surroundings, birds and mammals must counteract the constant heat loss. This maintenance of warm body temperature depends on several key adaptations. The most basic mechanism is the high metabolic rate of endothermy itself.Endotherms can produce large amounts of metabolic heat that replace the flow of heat to the environment, and they can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss. Heat production is increased by such muscle activity as moving or shivering. In some mammals, certain hormones can cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP. This nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) takes place throughout the body, but some mammals also have a tissue called brown fat in the neck and between the shoulders that is specialized for rapid heat production. Through shivering and NST, mammals and birds in cold environments can increase their metabolic heat production by as much as 5 to 10 times above the minimal levels that occur in warm conditions.
Another major thermoregulatory adaptation that evolved in mammals and birds is insulation (hair, feathers, and fat layers), which reduces the flow of heat and lowers the energy cost of keeping warm. Most land mammals and birds react to cold by raising their fur or feathers, thereby trapping a thicker layer of air.
Humans rely more on a layer of fat just beneath the skin as insulation; goose bumps are a vestige of hair-raising left over from our furry ancestors.
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction also regulate heat exchange and may contribute to regional temperature differences within the animal.
For example, heat loss from a human is reduced when arms and legs coo] to several degrees below the temperature of the body core, where most vital organs are locateD、

Hair loses most of its insulating power when wet. Marine mammals such as whales and seals have a very thick layer of insulation fat called blubber, just under the skin. Marine mammals swim in water colder than their body core temperature, and many species spend at least part of the year in nearly freezing polar seas. The loss of heat to water occurs 50 to 100 times more rapidly than heat loss to air, and the skin temperature of a marine mammal is close to water temperature.Even so, the blubber insulation is so effective that marine mammals maintain body core temperatures of about 36-38℃ with metabolic rates about the same as those of land mammals of similar size. The flippers or tail of a whale or seal lack insulating blubber, but countercurrent heat exchangers greatly reduce heat loss in these extremities, as they do in the legs of many birds.
Through metabolic heat production, insulation, and vascular adjustments, birds and mammals are capable of astonishing feats of thermoregulation. For example, small birds called chickadees, which weigh only 20 grams, can remain active and hold body temperature nearly constant at 40℃ in environmental temperatures as low as -40℃--as long as they have enough food to supply the large amount of energy necessary for heat production.
Many mammals and birds live in places where thermoregulation requires cooling off as well as warming. For example, when a marine mammal moves into warm seas, as many whales do when they reproduce, excess metabolic heat is removed by vasodilation of numerous bl
Accordingtothepassage,whendidthedomestic
According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North AmericaA．( 7,000 years ago
B．( 4,000 to 2,000 years ago
C．( Long after the Neolithic period
D．( Before the Archaic period
NorthAmericanGrasslandsInNorthAmerica,na
NorthAmerican Grasslands
In NorthAmerica, native grasslands occur primarily in the Great Plains in the middle of the continent. The NorthAmerican prairie biome is one of the most extensive grasslands in the world, extending from the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the west to the deciduous forest in the east, and from northern Mexico in the south toCanada in the north.Average annual rainfall ranges from about 40 cm (16 inches) in the west to 80 cm (31 inches) in the east.Average annual temperatures range between 10 degrees and 20 degreesCelsius (50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit). In the moist regions of the NorthAmerican grasslands, especially in the northern Great Plains, rainfall is distinctly seasonal, and temperatures can vary widely from very hot in summer to bitter cold in winter.
One hundred years ago, the Great Plains grasslands were one vast, unbroken prairie.
Much of the prairie is now farmland, the most productive agricultural region in the world, dominated by monocultures of cereal grains.
Wheat, barley, soybeans, corn, and sunflowers occupy the land that was once prairie.
In areas given over to grazing lands for cattle and sheep, virtually all the major native grasses have been replaced by alien species.

An important feature of the northern Great Plains grasslands is the presence of millions of glacial depressions that are now small ponds known as prairie potholes. They were formed during the most recent IceAge, when streams flowed in tunnels beneath glacially formed sandy ridges. When the IceAge ended around 12,000 years ago, the retreating glaciers created about 25 million depressions across a 300,000-square-mile landscape--about 83 potholes per square mile.As the ice blocks melted, much of the water was left behind, forming wetlands ranging in size from a tenth of an acre to several acres. The wetlands were soon surrounded by fluttering waves of grasses: shortgrass, mixed grass, and tallgrass.
Today these small wetlands still cover the prairies, although much of the landscape including both native grasses and potholes has been transformed to cropland and grassland for grazing. What does remain of the wetlands, however, still serves as an important breeding area for more than 300 bird species, including large numbers of migrating shorebirds and waterfowl. The potholes fill up with water during spring rains and usually dry out by late summer.Every spring, birds arrive in great numbers--northern pintails, mallards, coots, and pied-billed grebes--4 to 6 million strong, to mate in the seasonal wetlands that dot portions of Minnesota, Iowa, North and SouthDakota, Montana,Alberta, Saskatchewan, and ManitobA、Prairie pothole country produces half of NorthAmerica’s 35 to 40 million ducks and is renowned worldwide as a "duck factory".
Recently biologists have discovered that the prairie pothole region is potentially a vast carbon sink: a natural sponge that absorbs carbon dioxide emissions from cars, factories, and power plants.Carbon dioxide is the most common of all the pollutants acting as greenhouse gases that heat up the atmosphere. Fortunately, however, carbon dioxide is captured naturally and stored in trees, soil, and plants. Scientists have termed this "carbon sequestration". They have determined that prairie potholes hold an average of 2.5 tons of carbon per acre per year when not being farmeD、This means that if the entire pothole region in the United States andCanada were to stop
being farmed, the region would store about 400 million tons of carbon over 10 years--the equivalent of taking almost 4 million cars off the
A．Swimming.B．Driving.C．Sleepingoutdoors.

A、Swimming.
B．Driving.
C．Sleeping outdoors.
D．Canoeing.