| 考博易错题（2019/2/26） |
| 第1题：Much of the excitement among investigators in the field of intelligence derives from their trying to determine exactly what intelligence is.Different investigators have emphasized different aspects of intelligence in their definitions. For example, in a 1921 symposium on the definition of intelligence, theAmerican psychologist Lewis M. Terman emphasized the ability to think abstractly, while anotherAmerican psychologist,Edward L. Thorndike, emphasized learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. In a similar 1986 symposium, however, psychologists generally agreed on the importance of adaptation to the environment as the key to understanding both what intelligence is and what it does. Such adaptation may occur in a variety of environmental situations. For example, a student in school learns the material that is required to pass or do well in a course; a physician treating a patient with an unfamiliar disease adapts by learning about the diseases; an artist reworks a painting in order to make it convey a more harmonious impression. For the most part, adapting involves making a chancre in oneself in order to cope more effectively, but sometimes effective adaptation involves either changing the environment or finding a new environment altogether. Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive processes, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. The main trend in defining intelligence, then, is that it is not itself a cognitive or mental process, but rather a selective combination of these processes purposively directed toward effective adaptation to the environment. For examples, the physician noted above learning about a new disease adapts by perceiving material on the disease in medical literature, learning what the material contains, remembering crucial aspects of it that are needed to treat the patient, and then reasoning to solve the problem of how to app]y the information to the needs of the patient. Intelligence, in sum, has come to be regarded as not a single ability, but an effective drawing together of many abilities. This has not always been obvious to investigators of the subject, however, and, indeed, much of the history of the field revolves around arguments, regarding the nature and abilities that constitute intelligence. What processes does cognition consist of |
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| 第2题： Well over (three-fourths) of that book (on) noted British writers (are) about authors who wrote during (the nineteenth) century. A．three-fourths B．on C．are D．the nineteenth |
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| 第3题： 71. {{U}}Not so long ago it was assumed that the dangers man would meet in space would be terrible, the main ones being radiation anD、the danger of being hit by meteors. It is perhaps worth remembering that less than two centuries ago, the dangers of train travel seemed similarly terrible{{/U}}.A、man would certainly die, it was thought, if carried along at a Speed of 30 miles per hour. There are two sorts of radiation man must fear in space. The first is radiation from the sun, and this is particularly dangerous when the sun is very active and explosions are occurring on its surface. The second, less harmful form comes from the so-called VanAllenBelts. These are two areas of radiation about 1 ,500 miles away from the earth. 72. {{U}}Neither of these forms of radiation are a danger to us on the earth, since we are protected by our atmosphere. Specifically, it is that part of our atmosphere known as the ozonosphere which protects us. This is a belt of the chemical ozone between 12 and 21 miles from the ground which absorbs all the radiation{{/U}}. Once outside the atmosphere, however, man is no longer protected, and radiation can be harmful in a number of ways. 73. {{U}}A、distinction must be drawn between the short-and long-term effects of radiation. The former are merely unpleasant, but just because an astronaut returning from a journey in space does not seem to have been greatly harmed, we cannot assume that he is safe. The long-term effects can be extremely serious, even leading to death{{/U}}. One solution to the dangers of radiation is to protect the spaceship by putting some kind of shield around it. This was in fact done on theApollo spaceships which landed on the moon.But this solution is not possible for longer journeys—to Mars for example—because the shield would need to be very large, and could not be carrieD、Another solution, not in fact possible at present, would be to surround the spaceship with a magnetic field to deflect the radiation. In all, we have to conclude that there is at present no complete solution to the problem of radiation. |
| 第4题：Digging the garden with a spade is a very ______ task. I am exhausted after such two-hour's work.
A．industrious B．manual C．conscientious D．laborious |
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| 第5题： The suggested causes of a given phenomenon cannot always be independently observed, and so it is hard to ______ the possibility of there being explanations alternative to the one proposed. A．account for B．rule out C．guard against D．do with |
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