考博易错题（2019/3/15）

第1题：If you______ your influence, they may change their decision. A．compel B．exert C．expose D．vary

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第2题：The common aspect for the journal articles, theses and conference papers lies in that ______. A．they are all for the practitioners B．they are all to be read by researchers C．they are all for being published D．they are all forms of reporting research

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第3题：Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science.But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years. While it’s true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven’t begun to specialize. Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells-brain cells inAlzheimer’s, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue. It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem ceils and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can’t be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power. The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheepDolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent. For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did forDolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year. Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells., the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true "miracle cure.\ The word "rejuvenated" (ParA．5 ) most probably means ______.A、modifiedB、re-collectedC、classifiedD、reactivated

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," "war cry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the fielD、"English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The term at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout theEuropean continent during the middle ages, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure proper recognition of individuals at night or in the confusion of battle." TheAmerican revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "theBoston Massacre," "theBoston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation."...
Slogans operate in society as "social symbols" and, as such, their intended or perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups...
Because slogans may operate as "significant symbols" or as key words that have a standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that the influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol, MurrayEdelman writes that "to the political scientist patterning or consistency in the context in which specific groups of individuals use symbols is crucial, for only through such patterning do common political meaning and claims arise." Thus, the slogans a group uses to evoke specific responses may provide us with an index for the group’s norm, values, and conceptual rationale for its claims.
Slogans are so pervasive in today’s society that it is easy to underestimate their persuasive power. They have grown in significance because of the medium of television and the advertising industry. Television, in addition to being the major advertising medium, has altered the nature of human interaction. Political images are less personal and shorter. They function as summaries and conclusions rather than bases for public interaction and debate. The style of presentation in television is more emotional, but the content is less complex or ideological. In short, slogans work well on television.
The advertising industry has made a science of sloganeering. Today, communication itself is a problem because we live in an "overcommunicated" society.Advertisers have discovered that it is easier to link product attributes to existing beliefs, ideas, goals, and desires of the consumer rather than to change them. Thus, to say that a cookie tastes "homemade" or is as good as "Mom used to make" does not tell us if the cookie is good or bad, hard or soft, but simply evokes the fond memories of Mother’s baking.Advertisers, then, are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer. Slogans do this well by crystallizing in a few words the key idea or theme one wants to associate with an issue, group, product, or event. "Sloganeering" has become institutionalized as a virtual art form; and an advertising agency may spend months testing and creating the right slogan for a product or a person.
Slogans have a number of attributes that enhance their persuasive potential for social movements. They are unique and readily identifiable with a specific social movement or social movement organization. "Gray Power," for instance, readily identifies the movement for elderlyAmericans, and "Huelga" (strike in Span

第4题：{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}}

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题："It was the beginning of a revolution inAmerica and the world, a revolution that some have yet to acknowledge and many have yet to appreciate," says Harold Skramstad, president of the Henry Ford Museum inDearborn, Michigan. 1776 No indeed: 1896, when FrankDuryea finally perfected theDuryea Motor, Wagon.At its first airing, the contraption rolled less than 100 metres before the transmission froze up.But by the end of 1896Duryea had sold 13 of them, thus giving birth to theAmerican motor industry. That industry (whose roots, outsideAmerica, are usually attributed to tinkerings by MessrsDaimler andBenz in Germany) is being celebrated hugely over the coming months, culminating with a GreatAmericanCrnise-in inDetroit in June. "Our goal is to attract the greatest collection of antique and classic cars this nation has ever seen in one place at one time," says Mr Skramstad modestly. Americans may indeed blame the car for almost everything that has happened to their country, and themselves, since 1896. The car has determineD、 The way they live. From cradle to grave, the car marks every rite ofAmerican passage. Home by car from the maternity ward; first driving licence (usually at the age of 16); first (backseat) sexual experience; first car of one’s own (and the make of car is a prime determinant of social status, symbolic of everything a person is or does). In Las Vegas, and elsewhere,Americans can get married at drive-in chapels. They then buy, or lust after, a house with garages big enough for not one but two or three cars. This allocates more space to cars than to children.And when the time comes, they may lie in state at a drive-through funeral home, where you can pay your respects without pulling over. The way they shop. Main Street has been replaced by the strip mall and the shopping mall, concentrating consumer goods in an auto-friendly space. A、large part of each shopping trip must now be spent, bags under chin, searching for the place where the car was left.And another point: bags have annoyingly lost their carrying handles since shoppers ceased to be pedestrian) Since car-friendly living and shopping became the role, most built-up parts ofAmerica now look like every other part. There is simply no difference between aBurger Inn inCalifornia and one on the outskirts ofBoston. The way they eat. A、significant proportion ofAmericans’ weekly meals are now consumed inside cars, sometimes while parked outside the (drive-by) eatery concerned, sometimes en route, which leads to painful spillages in laps, leading to overburdening of. The legal system.Dozens of laws have been written to deal with car cases, ranging from traffic disputes to product liability.Drive-by shootings require a car, as do most getaways. The car is a great crime accessory; and it also causes the deaths of nearly 40,000Americans every year. Personal finances.Before the age of the car, few people went into debt; no need to borrow money to buy a horse. NowAmericans tie themselves up with extended installment loans, and this in turn has spawned a whole financial industry. The wealth of the nation.By 1908, an estimated 485 different manufacturers were building cars in the United States.Employment grew nearly 100-fold in the industry during the first decade of the 20th century. When Henry Ford, in a stroke of genius, automated his production line he required a rush of new, unskilled labour, which he enticed by offering an unheard-of ＄5 a day in wages. Henceforth, workers could actually afford to buy what they built. AndAmericans never looked back. Today, theBig Three car manufacturers (Food, GM andChrysler) generate more than ＄200 billion a year in business inside the United States.Directly and indirectly, the industry employs roughly one in seven workers.Every car job is reckoned to add ＄100,000 in goods and services to the economy, twice the national average. People oc

【单选题】： A     B     C     D