| 考博易错题（2019/3/20） |
| 第1题：The magnitude of the problem of disappearing species, viewed worldwide, dwarfs resources currently available to address it.By the end of the century, experts predict, one species will be lost every hour. Faced with shrinking budgets and accelerating extinction rates, environmental managers agonize over which species to save. (1) Different criteria for placing value on species--ecological, economic, aesthetic, cultural--compete with one another, and controversy abounds. One proposal for sidestepping direct debates about the value of species is to adopt a system of triage, which takes its name from the French policy of sorting wartime casualties into three categories for medical treatment: those with superficial wounds that do not require immediate attention; those with wounds too serious to make treatment efficacious; and those in the middle range, having serious but treatable wounds. Once the issue is formulated in this manner, it seems obvious that efforts toward species preservation are best concentrated in the third category. (2) Scarce funds and energies should be targeted at saving those species that are both in need of saving and susceptible to being saved.But the most arresting formulation of an issue is not always the most illuminating one; (3) it will be useful to stand back from the triage formulation (三级分类法), which casts the problem of setting priorities as one of sorting species into categories, and ask whether there are other, more fruitful ways to look at the problem. The endangered species problem is not a single problem. It is more accurately seen as four closely related problems: what should be done when a species’ population becomes so depleted as to threaten its continued existence; (4) what should be done to keep relatively healthy populations from declining and thereby falling into the threatened category; how to avert, or at least slow, the predicted and potentially cataclysmic reduction of biological diversity over the next few decades; and how to slow the trend toward conversion of natural systems to intense human use In the triage formulation the priorities problem is most naturally associated with the first question, because it considers threats to individual species. (5) Once threatened, species require management initiatives designed to protect and nurture them, individually.But the goal of protecting biological diversity should not be reduced to the goal of protecting remnant populations of threatened species. If one thinks about the endangered species problem in this way, there is a tendency to treat it as merely a problem of protecting genetic diversity, with each species regarded as a repository for a set of genes. |
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| 第2题： 86. {{U}}Contemporary technological reporting is full of notions of electronic communities in which people interact across regions or entire continents.{{/U}}Could such "virtual communities" eventually replace geographically localized social relations There are reasons to suspect that, as the foundation for a democratic society, virtual communities will remain seriously deficient. 87. {{U}}For example, electronic communication filters out and alters much of the subtlety, warmth, contextuality, and so on that seem important to fully human, morally engaged interaction.{{/U}} That is one reason many Japanese andEuropean executives persist in considering face-to-face encounter essential to their business dealings and why many engineers, too, prefer face-to-face encounter and find it essential to their creativity. 88. {{U}}Even hypothetical new media (e. g. advanced "virtual realities"), conveying a dimensionally richer sensory display are unlikely to prove fully satisfactory, substitutes for face-to-face interaction.{{/U}}Electronic media decompose holistic experience into analytically distinct sensory dimensions and then transmit the latter.At the receiving end, people can resynthesize the resulting parts into a coherent experience, but the new whole is invariably different and, in some fundamental sense, less than the original. Second, there is evidence that screen-based technologies (such as TV and computer monitors) are prone to induce democratically unpromising psychopathologies, ranging from escapism to passivity, obsession, confusing watching with doing, withdrawal from other forms of social engagement, or distancing from moral consequences. Third, a strength--but also a drawback--to a virtual community is that any member can exit instantly. Indeed, an entire virtual community can decline or perish in the wink of an eye. 89. {{U}}To the extent that membership in virtual communities proves less stable than that obtaining in other forms of democratic community, or that social relations prove less thick (i. e. less embedded in a context filled with shared meaning and history), there could be adverse consequences for individual psychological and moral development.{{/U}} 90. {{U}}no matter with whom we communicate or how far our imaginations fly, our bodies--and hence many material interdependencies with other people--always remain locally situateD、{{/U}} Thus it seems morally hazardous to commune with far-flung tele-mates, if that means growing indifferent to physical neighbors. It is not encouraging to observe just such indifference inCalifornia’s Silicon Valley, one of the world’s most "highly wired" regions. |
| 第3题：Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and, more recently, rubber and plastiC、And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery. The tool is the laser and it is, being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: LightAmplification by StimulatedEmission of Radiation.As we all know, light is hot; any source of light--from the sun itself down to a humble match burning--will give warmth.But light is usually spread out over a wide are A、The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrateD、This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam. Experiments with these pinpoint beams have shown researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no stitches, no unwanted damage--a true surgical wonder. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be trieD、 The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but more effective.Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically. The laser beam is so strong because ______. A、it is a highly intensified beam of light B．its strength is increased by the heat of the sun C．it can be connected to strong light sources D．it is a concentration of light from different sources |
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| 第4题： Nonetheless, multi-regionalists ______ folding their tents and if anything, may have grown even more convinced of their position. A．show signs to B．take no signs of C．show no signs of D．take note of |
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| 第5题：{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}} To address such concerns, an experimental, version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students’ consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any modern critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth-century writer,Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work. Griffith’s work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. First, the body of extant scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could all be read in a day, thus students spent little time and effort mastering the literature and, had a clear field for their own discoveries. Griffith’s play The Platonic Wife exists in three versions, enough to provide illustrations of editorial issues but not too many for beginning students to manage. In addition, because Griffith was successful in the eighteenth century, as her continued productivity and favorable reviews demonstrate, her exclusion from the canon and virtual disappearance from literary history also helped raise issues concerning the current canon. The range of Griffith’s work meant that each student could become the world’s leading authority on a particular Griffith text. For example, a student studying Griffith’s Wife in the Right obtained a first edition of the play and studied it for some weeks. This student was suitably shocked and outraged to find its title transformed intoA、Wife in the Night in Watt’sBibliothecaBritannicA、 Such experiences, inevitable and common in working on a writer to whom so little attention has been paid, serve to vaccinate the student I hope for a lifetime against credulous use of reference sources. |