| 考博易错题（2019/4/11） |
| 第1题：Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning.Educators find that (21) toddlers are more likely to succeed during. their school careers. (22) their younger counterparts are more likely to (23) . Kindergarten children who turn five during the (24) half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it (25) physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development.Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten (26) to receive better grades and score higher on achievement (27) throughout their schooling experience (28) do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five.Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the (29) thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children (30) inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters (31) parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have (32) anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fall to maintain their initial academic advantage (33) their less-pressured peers. Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. They question (34) environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non-disadvantaged home. They do not deny, however, the (35) of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children (36) freedom to play, develop at their own (37) , and evolve their social skills.But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now (38) of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4- year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too (39) and thereby depriving them of their (40) . A．well B．hard C．badly D．directly |
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| 第2题：Think of the ocean on a calm day. Ignoring the rise and fall of the waves, you might imagine the surface was dead flat the whole way across. You’d be wrong. Hills and valleys are as much as a feature of the sea as the land, although on a much smaller scale. These undulations have a variety of causes. Tides, currents, eddies, winds, river flow and changes in salinity and temperature push the sea level up in some places and down in others by as much as 2 meters.Ever tried swimming uphill How do we map these oceanic hills and valleys First, we need to know what the planet would look like without them. This is where the geoid (大地水准面) comes in. It is a surface where theEarth’s gravitational potential is equal and which best fits the global mean sea level. It is approximately an ellipsoid, though uneven distribution of mass within theEarth means that it can vary from this ideal by up to 150 meters. The geoid represents the shape the sea surface would be if the oceans were net moving and affected only by gravity. Thus it can be used as a reference to measure any deviations in the ocean surface height that aren’t caused by gravity—the hills and valleys, for instance, or any regional increase in sea level. So how do you measure the geoid and the ocean’s irregular topography It’s complicateD、Geophysicists calculate the geoid using data on variation in gravitational acceleration from several dozen satellites. The hills and valleys of the oceans are all very interesting, but can the geoid tell us anything more significant about the state of the planet It certainly can. Knowing accurately where the geoid lies and how the Ocean surface deviates from it will help meteorologists spot changes in Ocean currents associated with climate change. The circumpolar current aroundAntarctic is one they are particularly interested in. It can also predict local climate variations produced by events such asEl Nino,El Nino keeps warm water that would normally move westwards close to the coast of SouthAmerica, deprives SoutheastAsia of its monsoon rains, and increases rainfall on the west coast of theAmetlcA、Since temperature changes cause changes in sea level, geoid-watchers should be able to prepare us before it strikes. From the first paragraph, we can learn that______. A、the surface of the sea is a dead flat on a calm day B、the sea waves are caused by a variety of factors C、it’s a good idea to swim uphill, sometime D、hills and valleys only exist on land |
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| 第3题： The prices of all the shares fell sharply just after a few ______ when the news came that the war had broken out. A．transports B．transmissions C．transitions D．transactions |
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| 第4题： Directions: There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by .some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA,B, C、andD、You should decide on the best choice. {{B}}Passage One{{/B}} The preceding passage placed you in the future. To understand how and when social science broke up, you must go into the past. Imagine for a moment that you’re a student in 1062, in the Italian city ofBologna, site of one of the first major universities in the western worlD、The university has no buildings. It consists merely of a few professors and students. There is no tuition fee.At the end of a professor’s lecture, if you like it, you pay.And if you don’t like it, the professor finds himself without students and without money. If we go back still earlier, say to Greece in the sixth centuryB、 C、, we can see the philosopher Socrates walking around the streets ofAthens, arguing with his companions. He asks them questions, and then other questions, leading these people to reason the way he wants them to reason (this became known as the Socratic method). Times have changed since then; universities sprang up throughout the world and created colleges within the universities. Oxford, one of the first universities, now has thirty colleges associated with it, and the development and formalization of educational institutions has changed the roles of both students and faeuhy.As knowledge accumulated, it became more and more difficult for one person to learn, let alone retain it all. In the sixteenth century one could still aspire to know all there was to know, and the definition of the Renaissance man (people were even more sexist then than they are now) was of one who was expected to know about everything. Unfortunately, at least for someone who wants to know everything, the amount of information continues to grow {{U}}exponentially{{/U}} while the size of the brain has grown only slightly. The way to deal with the problem is not to try to know everything about everything. Today we must specialize. That is why social science separated from the natural sciences and why it, in turn, has been broken down into various subfields, such as anthropology and sociology. |
| 第5题：Montaigne’s hold on his readers arises from many causes. There is his frank and curious self-delineation. That interests, because it is the revelation of a very peculiar nature. Then there is the positive value of separate thoughts imbedded in iris strange whimsicality and humor. Lastly, there is the perennial charm of style, which is never a separate quality, but rather the amalgam and issue of all the mental and moral qualities in a man’s possession, and which bears the same relation to these that light bears to the mingled elements that make up the orb of the sun.And style, after all, rather than thought, is the immortal thing in literature. In literature, the charm of style is indefinable, yet all subduing, just as fine manners are in social life. In reality, it is not of so much consequence what you say, as how you say it. Memorable sentences are memorable on account of some irradiating worD、 "But Shadwell never deviates into sense, for instance." Young Roscius, in his provincial barn, will repeat you the great soliloquy of Hamlet, and although every word may be given with tolerable correctness, you find it just as commonplace as himself. The great actor speaks it, and you "read Shakespeare as by a flash of lightning".And it is in Montaigne’s style, in the strange freaks and turnings of his thought, his constant surprises, his curious alternations of humor and melancholy, his careless, familiar form of address, and the grace with which everything is done, that his charm lies, and which makes the hundredth perusal of him as pleasant as the first. Shadwell is described as ______. A、literary B、foolish C．straightforward D．sensible |
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