| 考博易错题（2019/4/18） |
| 第1题：Assuming that a constant travel-time budget, geographic constraints and short-term infrastructure constraints persist as fundamental features of global mobility, what long-term results can one expect In high-income regions, (21) NorthAmerica, our picture suggests that the share of traffic (22) supplied by buses and automobiles will decline as high-speed transport rises sharply. In developing countries, we (23) the strongest increase to be in the shares first for buses and later for automobiles. Globally, these (24) in bus and automobile transport are partially offsetting. In all regions, the share of low-speed rail transport will probably continue its strongly (25) decline. We expect that throughout the period 1990～2050, the (26) NorthAmerican will continue to devote most of his or her 1.1-hour travel-time (27) to automobile travel. The very large demand (28) air travel (or high-speed rail travel) that will be manifest in 2050 (29) to only 12 minutes per person a day; a little time goes a long way in the air. In several developing regions, most travel (30) in 2050 will still be devoted to nonmotorized modes.Buses will persist (31) the primary form of motorized transportation in developing countries for decades. (32) important air travel becomes, buses, automobiles and (33) low-speed trains will surely go on serving vital functions. (34) of the super-rich already commute and shop in aircraft, but average people will continue to spend most of their travel time on the (35) . A、Despite the fact B、Whatever it is C、No matter howD、Whether or not |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第2题：Small business owners must accept the burdens of entrepreneurship.Being in business for your- self requires your full attention. You seldom leave the office or shop at 5 p.m. (31) do you leave job problems there. They follow you home as business homework. This (32) less time for your personal life. The (33)you sought can put you on the spot. You don’ t report to a boss.But you do (34) as hard as possible to serve your customers. They are you" (35) ". You also have to compete with creditors, employees, suppliers, and tax collectors. In other words, you are never really (36) . Small firms can seldom ’afford to (37) enough employees so that each can specialize. You may have to prepare ads, (38) records, make sales calls, and collect bad debts. You must be able to "wear many hats". (39) all these tasks takes up lots of time.But you cannot (40) long-range planning. You have to set goals and develop plans in meet them. Given too (41) time to management, your business will fall. The major cause of business (42) is poor management. Of every three business that start, two fail. (43) half fall in the first five years.A、person with limited talents may be able to hold a job in a large firm (44) others will pick up the slack. When you are in business (45) yourself, there is no one to "carry you". Even if your firm (46) , you may still have little money to spenD、You may work hard for months and not take a penny out (47) the salary you pay yourself. The reason is you may have to (48) your profits in the firm for long-term growth. Or you may need to meet short-term (49) for cash. You may not even be able to draw a salary (50) the firm becomes a truly going concern. A、luckyB、free C、relaxedD、happy |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第3题：National Geographic (61) fill a number of roles, says Karen Kasmauski. "We are journalists; researcher, thinkers," she says, "photography is our (62) ." As one of the Society’s six contributing photographers-in-residence, Karen seeks to focus (63) attention on global changes and how they (64) human health. One promising (65) is the anti-measles (66) in Kenya led by theAmerican RedCross, theCenters forDiseaseControl and Prevention, and UN (67) . "These photographers-in-residence have chosen subjects they’ve been (68) for years, subjects they’re (67) about," says program managerCharlene Valeri. Frans Lanting investigates (70) and the danger of (71) loss to animals in the wil D、DavidCoubilet works to promote the survival of coral reef (72) in the South PacifiC、SamAbell (73) NorthAmerican rivers from a cultural, historical, and ecological (74) . Underwater photographerEmory Kristof will use (75) -operated vehicles to take inventory of deep ocean (76) in water off IndonesiA、Annie GriffithsBelt is promoting (77) of wilderness areas in NorthAmerica, both in and outside of classrooms.By speaking to (78) and displaying their work widely, the photographers hope to (79) public support for the Society’s (80) . A．attendants B．audiences C．activists D、attendees |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第4题：Industrial production managers coordinate the resources and activities required to produce millions of goods every year in the United States.Although their duties vary from plant to plant, industrial production managers share many of the same major responsibilities. These responsibilities include production scheduling, staffing, procurement and maintenance of equipment, quality control, inventory control, and the coordination of production activities with those of other departments. The primary mission of industrial production managers is planning the production schedule within budgetary limitations and time constraints. They do this by analyzing the plant’s personnel and capital resources to select the best way of meeting the production quot A、Industrial production managers determine, often using mathematical formulas, which machines will be used, whether new machines need to be purchased, whether overtime or extra shifts are necessary, and what the sequence of production will be. They monitor the production run to make sure that it stays on schedule and correct any problems that may arise. Industrial production managers also must monitor product standards. When quality drops below the established standard, they must determine why standards are not being maintained and how to improve the product. If the problem relates to the quality of work performed in the plant, the manager may implement better training programs, reorganize the manufacturing process, or institute employee suggestion or involvement programs. If the cause is substandard materials, the manager works with the purchasing department to improve the quality of the product’s components. Because the work of many departments is interrelated, managers work closely with heads of other departments such as sales, procurement, and logistics to plan and implement company goals, policies, and procedures. For example, the production manager works with the procurement department to ensure that plant inventories are maintained at their optimal level. This is vital to a firm’s operation because maintaining the inventory of materials necessary for production ties up the firm’s financial resources, yet insufficient quantities cause delays in production. A、breakdown in communications between the production manager and the purchasing department can cause slowdown and a failure to meet production schedules. Just-in-time production techniques have reduced inventory levels, making constant communication among the manager, suppliers, and purchasing departments even more important.Computers play an integral part in this coordination. They also are used to provide up-to-date information on inventory, the status of work in progress, and quality standards. Production managers usually report to the plant manager or the vice president for manufacturing, and may act as liaison between executives and first line supervisors. In many plants, one production manager is responsible for all aspects of production. In large plants with several operations, there are managers in charge of each operation, such as machining, assembly, or finishing. The passage is mainly about ______. A、the procedures for industrial production B、the ways to raise working efficiency and productivity C、the importance of coordination in production activities D、the role of an industrial production manager |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第5题：Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him.Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service. The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the joB、Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half- trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pained to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training. The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away.But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger, and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its fooD、The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side. When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanceD、It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as "ho! my son", or "ho! my father", or "my mother", according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes. The main attraction of training mature elephants is ______. A、early financial returns B．their willingness to obey their trainers C．the avoidance of anxiety in the elephant D．that elephants are difficult to keep |
| 【单选题】： |