| 考博易错题（2019/5/10） |
| 第1题： 1 The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, painfree life equals happiness actu ally reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness.But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain. As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happi ness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment (承担的义务), self-improvement. Ask a bachelor (单身汉) why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commit ment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vaca tion. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising chil dren.But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchil D、 Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activi ties that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money, buying that new ear or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless.And it liberates us from envy. we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. What is the author trying to tell usA．Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain. B．One must know how to attain happiness. C．It is important to make commitments. D、It is pain that leads to happiness. |
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| 第2题：The business of advertising is to invent methods of addressing massive audiences in a language designed to be easily accessible and immediately persuasive. No advertising agency wants to (51) out an ad that is not clear and convincing to millions of people.But the agency, (52) they would agree that ads should be written to sell products, disagree when it (53) down to the most effective methods of doing so. (54) the years, advertising firms have developed among themselves a variety of distinctive styles (55) on their understanding of the different kinds of audiences they want to reach. No two agencies would handle the (56) product identically. To people (57) whom advertising is an exacting discipline and a highly competitive profession, an ad is (58) more than a sophisticated sales pitch, an attractive verbal (59) device to serve manufactures. In fact, for those who examine ads critically or professionally, products may very well be (60) more than merely points of departure.Ads often (61) their products, and in the (62) of early advertisements for products that are no longer available, we cannot help (63) consider the advertisement independently of our responses, to those products. The point of examining ads apart (64) their announced subjects is not that we ignore the product completely, but (65) we try to see the product only (66) it is talked about and portrayed in the full (67) of the aD、Certainly, it is not necessary to (68) tried a particular product to be (69) to appreciate the technique section and design used in (70) advertisement. A、comesB、settlesC、sinksD、puts |
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| 第3题：During the famine, he was ______ almost to a skeleton.
A．reconciled B．redoubled C．reduced D．redeemed |
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| 第4题：Aristotle was one of those who could found a civilization, and while he thought of education as both a social value and an end in itself, he ascribed its chief importance (21) what might be considered a third basic concept of education: to train the mind to think, (22) what it is thinking about. The key is not (23) it knows but how it (24) any new fact or argument. "An educated man,"Aristotle wrote in On the Parts ofAnimals, "should be able to (25) a fair offhand judgment as to the goodness or badness of the method used by a professor in his exposition. To be (26) is in fact to be able to do this." TheAristotle view of education as a (27) has become the conventionally worthy answer today (28) college presidents and other academic leaders are asked what an education should be.An educated man, says Harvard PresidentBok, (29) a deep breath, must have a "curiosity in (30) the unfamiliar and unexpected, an open-mindedness in entertaining opposing points of view, (31) for the ambiguity that surrounds so many important issues, and a willingness to make the best decision he can in the fact of uncertainty and doubt." This is an approach that appears to (32) more importance to the process of learning (33) to the substance of what is learneD、The very old notion of the generalist who could comprehend all subjects has (34) been an impossibility. To make matters (35) more difficult, the fields of knowledge keep changing. A、regardless of B．in terms of C．regarding to D．in view of |
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| 第5题： 6 What do the extraordinarily successful companies have in common To find out, we looked for operations. We know that correlations are not always reliable; nevertheless, in the 27 survivors, our group saw four shared personality traits that could explain their lon gevity (长寿). Conservatism in financing. The companies did not risk their capital gratuitously (无缘 无故地). They understood the meaning of money in an old-fashioned way; they knew the usefulness of spare cash in the kitty. Money in hand allowed them to snap up (抓住) op tions when their competitors could not. They did not have to convince third-party financiers of the attractiveness of opportunities they wanted to pursue. Money in the kitty allowed them to govern their growth and evolution. Sensitivity to the world around them. Whether they had built their fortunes on knowl edge or on natural resources, the living companies in our study were able to adapt them selves to changes in the world around them.As wars, depressions, technologies, and pol itics surged and ebbed (潮起潮落), they always seemed to excel at keeping their feelers out, staying attuned to whatever was going on. For information, they sometimes relied on packets carried over vast distances by portage and ship, yet they managed to react in a timely fashion to whatever news they receiveD、They were good at learning and adapting. Awareness of their identity. No matter how broadly diversified the companies were, their employees all felt like parts of a whole. I.ordCole, chairman of Unilever in the 1960s, for example, saw the company as a fleet of ships.Each ship was independent, but the whole fleet was greater than the sum of its parts. The feeling of belonging to an organi zation and identifying with its achievements is often dismissed softly, but case histories re peatedly show that a sense of community is essential for long-term survival. Managers in the living companies we studied were chosen mostly from within, and all considered them selves to be stewards of a longstanding enterprise. Their top priority was keeping the insti tution at least as healthy as it had been when they took over. Tolerance of new ideas. The long-lived companies in our study tolerated activities in the margin, experiments and eccentricities that stretched their understanding. They recog nized that new businesses may be entirely unrelated to existing businesses and that the act of starting a business need to be centrally controlleD、W. R. Grace, from its very beginning, encouraged autonomous experimentation. The company was founded in 1854 by an Irish immigrant in Peru and traded in guano, a natural fertilizer, before it moved into sugar and tin.Eventually, the company established PanAmericanAirways. Today it is primarily a chemical company, although it is also the leading provider of kidney dialysis (~i:) serv ices in the United States. By definition, a company that survives for more than a century exists in a world it cannot hope to control. Multinational companies are similar to the long-surviving companies of our study in that way. The world of a multinational is very large and stretches across many cultures. That world is inherently less stable and more difficult to influence than a confined national habitat. Multinationals must be willing to change in order to succeeD、 These four traits form the essential character of companies that have functioned suc cessfully for hundreds of years. Given this basic personality, what priorities do the manag ers of living companies set for themselves and their employees The longevity of successful companies is determined by______.A．knowledge on which they built their fortunes B．easy access to natural resources from which they made money C．their ability to learn and adapt to changes D．information on packets carried over vast distances by portage and ship |
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