| 考博易错题（2019/5/11） |
| 第1题：In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior.Earlier scientists had (21) that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that (22) variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that [earning is a part of social life. That is, the (23) are not solely fixed by the genes. (24) , the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly (25) instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans, it is something in between the two.An illustration best (26) the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that. shortly (27) they hatch, ducklings fix (28) any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are (29) for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably (30) , even ones that have a considerable base (31) by genetics. Even among the social insects something like imprinting (32) influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely (33) instinct.But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively.At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting.Chimpanzees, for instance, generally (34) very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant. upside down or (35) fail to nurture the young. A．considerate B．considered C、considerable D．considering |
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| 第2题：At some time around 2300BC, give or take a century or two, a large number of the major civilizations of the world collapsed, in Mesopotamia,Egypt, Israel,Anatolia, and Greece, as well as inAfghanistan andChin A、All of them the first urban civilizations fell into rain at more or less the same time. A、thousand years later, around 1200BC, many of the civilizations of the same regions again collapsed at about the same time. The reasons for these widespread and apparently simultaneous disasters which coincided with changes to cultures and societies elsewhere, such as inBritain, have long been a fascinating mystery. Traditional explanations included warfare, famine, and more recently systems collapse, but the apparent absence of direct archaeological or written evidence for causes, as opposed to effects, has led many archaeologists and historians into a resigned assumption that no definite explanation can be founD、 Over the past 15 years, however, a new type of ’natural disaster’ has been proffered which is beginning to be regarded by many scholars as the most probable single explanation for widespread and simultaneous cultural collapse. The new theory has been advanced largely by astronomers and remains largely unknown by archaeologists (notable exceptions include ProfessorBaillie ofBelfast andDr.Euan Mackie in Glasgow). The theory postulates that the disasters were caused by the impact of comets or other types of cosmic debris on theEarth. French archaeologistChude Schaeffer, in 1948, published his analysis and compared the destruction layers of more than 40 archaeological sites. He was the first scholar to detect that all of the sites had been totally destroyed several times in theEarly, Middle and LateBronzeAge, apparently simultaneously. Since the damage did not show signs of military or other human involvement, and, in any case, was too excessive, he argued that repeated seismic activity might have been responsible. Schaeffer was not taken seriously in 1948, but since then natural scientists have found widespread and unambiguous evidence for abrupt climate change, sudden sea level changes, catastrophic inundations, and seismic activity at several periods since the last IceAge, particularly around 2300B C、Areas such as the Sahara, which were once farmed, became deserts. Tree rings show disastrous conditions at 2350B C、In Mesopotamia the land appears to have been inundated, devastated, or totally burneD、 Scholars who, following Schaeffer, favor earthquakes as the principal cause of civilization collapse, argue that the world can expect earthquakes every 1000 ～2000 years, leading to abandonment of sites; while scholars who prefer climate change as the principal cause argue that severe droughts caused agriculture to fail and that .societies inexorably fell apart as a result. The question remained what caused the climate change or the earthquakes.By the late 1970’sBritish astronomersClube and Napier of Oxford University had begun to investigate cometary impact as the ultimate cause. In 1980, the Nobel prize-winning chemist LuisAlvarez and his colleagues published their paper arguing that a cosmic impact had caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. He showed that large amounts of iridium found in geological layers from the time of the dinosaurs had a cosmic origin. Alvarez’s paper stimulated further research byClube and Napier, Professor MarkBailey,Duncan Steel and Sir Fred Hoyle.All now support the theory of cometary impact and what is now known as theBritish School ofCoherentCatastrophism. The key to solving the mystery to date has been ______. A、matching climate change data to dates of apparent historical catastrophes. B、looking at evidence found in the layers of the earth. C、analyzing tree rings. D、analyzing seismic activity in history. |
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| 第3题：The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.
A．amending B．fitting C．mending D．renovating |
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| 第4题：实验室工作的惟一任务就是使学生养成初步的实验能力。要达到这一目的，最好的办法就是让学生在解决简单的实验问题中获得一些经验。 |
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| 第5题：Our culture has caused mostAmericans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World war Ⅱ and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latins and MiddleEasterners like to come closer and touch, which makesAmericans uncomfortable. Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the worlD、 Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps inEnglish only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants whereEnglish is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speakEnglish. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years,America andAmericans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.After all,America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods. But all that is past.American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A、1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent ofAmericans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hanD、 In countries other than their own mostAmericans ______ A、are isolated by the local people B．are not well informed due to the language barrier C．tend to get along well with the natives D．need interpreters in hotels and restaurants |
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