| 考博易错题（2019/5/16） |
| 第1题：Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastiC、And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery. The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: LightAmplification by StimulatedEmission of Light.As we all know, light is hot; any source of light ——from the sun itself down to a humble match burning ——will give warmth.But light is usually spread out over a wide are A、The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrateD、This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam. Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no stitches (刀口缝合), no unwanted damage ——a true surgical wonder. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be trieD、 The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but more effective.Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically. The laser beam is so strong because ______. A、it is composed of a concentrated beam of light B．its heat is increased by the heat of the sun C．it can be plugged into an ordinary light fitting D．it sends out heat in many different directions |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第2题：What do the extraordinarily successful companies have in common To find out, we looked for correlations. We know that correlations are not always reliable; nevertheless, in the 27 survivors, our group saw four Shared personality traits that could explain their longevity (长寿). Conservatism in financing. The companies did not risk their capital gratuitously (无缘无故). They understood the meaning of money in an old-fashioned way; they knew the usefulness spare cash in the kitty. Money in hand allowed them to snap up (抓住) options when their’ competitors could not. They did not have to convince third-party financiers of the attractiveness of opportunities they wanted to pursue. Money in kitty allowed them to govern their growth and evolution. Sensitivity to the world around them. Whether they had built their fortunes on knowledge or on natural resources, the living companies in our study were able to adapt themselves to change in the world around them.As wars, depressions, technologies, and politics surged and ebbed (潮起潮落), they always seemed to excel at keeping their feelers out, staying attuned to whatever was going on. For information, they sometimes relied on packets carried over vast distances by portage and ship. Yet they managed to react in a timely fashion to whatever news they receiveD、They were good at learning and adapting. Awareness of their identity. No matter how broadly diversified the companies were, their employees all felt like parts of a whole. LordCole, chairman of Unilever in the 1960s, for example, saw the company as a sheet of ships.Each ship was independent, but the whole fleet was greater than the sum of its parts. The feeling of belonging to an organization and identifying with its achievements is often dismissed as soft.But case histories repeatedly show that a sense of community is essential for long-term survival. Managers in the living companies we studied were chosen mostly from within, and all considered themselves to be stewards of a longstanding enterprise. Their top priority was keeping the institution at least as healthy as it had been when they took over. Tolerance of new ideas. The long-lived companies in our study tolerated activities in the margin: experiments and eccentricities that stretched their understanding. They recognized that new businesses may be entirely unrelated to existing businesses and that the act of starting a business need to be centrally controlleD、W. R. Grace, from its very beginning, encouraged autonomous experimentation. The company was founded in 1854 by an Irish immigrant in Peru and traded in guano, a natural fertilizer, before it moved into sugar and tin.Eventually, the company established PanAmericanAirways. Today it is primarily a chemical company, although it is also the leading provider of kidney dialysis (透析) services in the United States. By definition, a company that survives for more than a century exists in a world it cannot hope to control. Multinational companies are similar to the long-surviving companies of our study in that way. The world of a multinational is very large and stretches across many cultures. That world is inherently less stable and more difficult to influence than a confined national habitat. Multinationals must be willing to change in order to succeeD、These four traits form the essential character of companies that have functioned successfully for hundreds of years. Given this basic personality, what priorities do the managers of living companies set for themselves and their employees Which of the following does not belong to conservatism in financingA．Money burns a hole in one’s pocket. B．Money doesn’t grow on trees. C．Money called for is money well spent. D．Money breeds money. |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第3题： A、It was no one B．There was no one C．It was anyone D．There was anyone |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第4题：TheAleuts, residing on several islands of theAleutianChain, the Pribilof Islands, and theAlaskan peninsula have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Venation selected appropriate characters of theCyrillic alphabet to representAleut speech sounds, recorded the main body ofAleut vocabulary and formulated grammatical rules. TheCzarist Russian conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterate D、The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destroy the continuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmission.As a consequence, theAleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage. The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on theAleuts. Not only were they compelled to learn Russian to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to learn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchasedAlaska, theAleuts were unable to break sharply with their immediate past and substituteEnglish for any one of their three languages. To communicants of the Russian OrthodoxChurch a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital as did Russian, the language in which one conversed with the clergy. TheAleuts came to regardEnglish education as a device to wean them from their religious faith. The introduction of compulsoryEnglish schooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as theAleut patents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retrospect. Regulations forbidding instruction in any language other thanEnglish increased its unpopularity. The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian andAleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate theAleut tongue. From the wording of ninny regulations, it appears thatAmerican administrators often had not the slightest idea that theAleuts were clandestinely reading and writing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything inCyrillic letters was Russian and something to be stamped out.Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitations theAleuts suffered from predatoryAmerican traders and adventurers kept alive theAleut resentment against the language spoken byAmericans. Gradually despite the failure to emancipate theAleuts from a sterile past by relating theAleut andEnglish languages more closely, the passage of years has assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation, away from Russian towardEnglish as their second language, butAleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression. Distributing which of the following publications would be most likely 1o encourageAleuts to make more use ofEnglish A、Russian translations ofEnglish novels. B、AnAleut-English bilingual text devoted to important aspects ofAleutian culture. C、AnEnglish-Russian bilingual text devoted to important aspects ofAleutian culture. D、English translations of Russian novels. |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第5题： A、raw B．crude C．ready D．fresh |
| 【单选题】： |