| 考博易错题（2019/5/27） |
| 第1题：Instead of advancing the public discussion of biotechnology,David Shenk succeeds merely in displaying his general ignorance and unfounded fears in his recent article "Biocapitalism" His claim that "no living creature has ever before been able to upgrade its own operating system" ignores transduction ( the act or process of transferring genetic material or characteristics from one bacterial cell to another) and bacterial conjugation (the temporary union of two bacterial cells), which are ways organisms have "upgraded" their own genomes with novelDN A、for hundreds of millions of years. A、first-year biology major could have told him that. For Shenk to suggest that his daughter may someday use a before-birth genetic test for "quick-wittedness" is extremely dun-witted, ignoring the complexity of polygenetic traits while embracing a shallow genetic determinism. Nurture ——utterly absent from his discussion ——really does matter. Finally, worrying about the effects on the gene pool of a "culture in which millions choose the same desirable genes" is worse than pointless. The United Nations projects an approximate human population of eight billion by the year 2020.Even if Shenk’s worst fears are realized, and the wealthy parents of 100 million children can and do select for a polygenetic trait ——say, blue eyes ——this would present only a modest shift in the gene pool of 1 in 80, or 1.25 percent, assuming that none of those children would otherwise have been born with blue eyes.But what truly matters for the gene pool in the 1000-year-long run is the capacity of this trait to grant reproductive success in subsequent generations. Whatever advantage blue eyes currently grant in acquiring a mate presumably derives in part from the trait’s relative scarcity.Elementary economics shows that if you flood the market with an asset, you diminish the relative value of that asset: more blue eyes will make blue eyes less sexy. Is it really too much to expect familiarity with either biology or economics from an essay entitled "Biocapitalism" According to the author,David Shenk’s claim about the upgrading of living creatures ______. A、is obviously a fault B．is comprehensible to college students C．is identical to his own argument D．will be testified by his daughter |
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| 第2题：AsDr Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills.But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and musi C、They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations. Computers imitate life.As computers get more complex, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will see the computer as a new form of life. The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures.But drives can be programmed into the computer’s brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival. Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up. We are still in control, but the capabilities are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if at all.Computer power has increased ten times every eight years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain. That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry would assume that the new species must be man’s flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE、 A、The reasoning power of computers has already surpassed that of man. B、Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a man. C、Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blooD、 D．Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matter. |
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| 第3题： A rocket might miss its target, by a "wide margin". This means the rocket missed the target ______. A．because of mechanical failure B．by a great deal C．by a small distance D．because the target moved |
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| 第4题：The Stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.
A．to borrow as much money as they wish B．to make certain everybody saves money C．to raise money to finance new developments D．to make certain everybody lends money to them |
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| 第5题： Each passage is followed by some question or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA,B,C, D、You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. In the infighting dates to the revolution, George Washington waged a continual struggle not just for money, but to control the actual battle plan. The framers of theConstitution sought to clarify things by making the president the "commander in chief". Not since Washington wore his uniform and led the troops across theAlleghenies to quell(镇压) the Whiskey Rebellion has a sitting president taken command in the riel& Yet the absolute authority of the president ensures his direct comman D、The president was boss, and everyone in uniform knew it. In theCivil War,Abraham Lincoln dealt directly with his generals, and Secretary of WarEdwin M. Stanton handled administrative details. Lincoln, inexperienced in military matters, initially deferred (顺从) to his generals.But when their caution proved disastrous, he issued his General War order No. 1 -- explicitly commanding a general advance of all Union forces. Some generals, GeorgeB、McClellan in particular, bridled at his hands-on direction.But in constitutional terms, Lincoln was in the right. His most important decision was to put Ulysses S. Grant in charge of the UnionArmy in 1864. Left to its own timetable, the military establishment would never have touched Grant. The relationship between the president and his general provides a textbook lesson in civilian control and power sharing. Grant was a general who would take the fight to the enemy, and not second-guess the president’s political decisions. Unlike McClellan, for example, Grant cooperated wholeheartedly in recruiting black soldiers. For his part, Lincoln did not meddle in operations and did not visit the headquarters in the field unless invite D、 The balance set up by Grant and Lincoln stayed more or less in place through World War I. Not until World War II did the pendulum finally swing back toward the White House. Franklin Roosevelt, who had been assistant Navy secretary during World War I, was as well prepared to be commander in chief as any wartime president since George Washington. |