| 考博易错题（2019/6/5） |
| 第1题：The crucial years of theDepression, as they are brought into historical focus, in creasingly emerge as the decisive decade forAmerican art, if not forAmerican culture in general. For it was during this decade that many of the conflicts which had blocked the progress ofAmerican art in the past came to a head and sometimes boiled over. Janus-faced, the thirties look backward, sometimes as far as the Renaissance; and at the same time forward, as far as the present and beyonD、It was the moment when artists, like Thomas HartBenton, who wished to turn back the clock to regain the virtues of simpler times came into direct conflict with others, like StuartDavis and Frank Lloyd Wright, who were ready to come to terms with the MachineAge and to deal with its consequences. America in the thirties was changing rapidly. In many areas the past was giving way to the present, although not without a struggle. A、predominantly rural and small town society was being replaced by the giant complexes of the big cities; power was becoming increasingly centralized in the federal government and in large corporations.As a result, traditionalAmerican types such as the independent farmer and the small businessman were being replaced by the executive and the bureaucrat. ManyAmericans, deeply attached to the old way of life, felt disinhereiteD、At the same time, as immigration decreased and the population became more homogeneous, the need arose in art and literature to commemorate the ethnic and regional differences that were fast disappearing. Thus, paradoxically, the conviction that art, at least, should serve some purpose or carry some message of moral uplift grew stronger as the Puritan ethos lost its contemporary reality. Often this elevating message was a sermon in favor of just those traditionalAmerican virtues which were now threatened with obsolescence in a changed social and political context. In this new context, the appeal of the paintings by the Regionalists and theAmerican Scene painters often lay in their ability to recreate an atmosphere that glorified the traditionalAmerican values—self-reliance tempered with good-neighborliness, independence modified by a sense of community, hard work rewarded by a sense of order and purpose. Given the actual temper of the times, these themes were strangely anachronistic, just as the rhetoric supporting political isolationism was equally inappropriate in an international situation soon to involveAmerica in a second world war. Such themes gained popularity because they filled a genuine need for a comfortable collective fantasy of a God-fearing, white-picket-fenceAmerica, which in retrospect took on the nostalgic appeal of a lost GoldenAge. In this light, an autonomous art-for-art’s sake was viewed as a foreign invader liable to subvert the nativeAmerican desire for a purposeful art.Abstract art was assigned the role of the villainous alien; realism was to personify the genuineAmerican means of expression. The argument drew favor in many camps: among the artists, because most were realists; among the politically oriented intellectuals, because abstract art was apolitical; and among museum officials, because they were surfeited with mediocre imitations ofEuropean modernism and were convinced thatAmerican art must develop its own distinct identity. To help along this road to self-definition, the museums were prepared to set up an artificial double standard, one forAmerican art, and another forEuropean art. In 1934, Ralph Flint wrote inArt News, "We have today in our midst a greater array of what may be called second, third, and fourth-string artists than any other country. Our big annuals are marvelous outpourings of intelligence and skill; they have all the diversity and animation of a fine-ring circus. \ "The artificial standard" (Paragraph 4) refers to the difference between standards of judgement for ______. A、realism and abstra |
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| 第2题：Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life (21) common to all animals. In a biological laboratory rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same. However, biological understanding is not enough: (22) itself, it can never tell us what human beings are. (23) to our physical equipment the naked human body—we are not an (24) animal. We are tropical creatures, (25) hairless and sensitive to colD、We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us get it. In the purely physical (26) , our species seems a poor (27) for survival. But we have survived—survived and multiplied and (28) the earth. Some day we will have a (29) living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that turn gases into solids. How can we have done all these things Part of the answer is physical. (30) its limitations, our physical equipment has some important (31) . We have excellent vision and hands that can (32) objects with a precision unmatched by any other (33) . Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost (34) number of neural (35) 。 A．residence B．colony C．home D．empire |
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| 第3题：A．factor
B．level C．type D．token |
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| 第4题：In recent speeches at Republican fundraisers, PresidentBush has taken to criticizing the press for baring government secrets. The outgoing secretary of the Treasury, John Snow, in what may have been his last official act, wrote to The New York Times that in exposing the monitoring of bank transfers, it had undermined a successful counterterrorism program. A、house resolution, passed by a party line vote, called on the media to safeguard classified programs. The government has discovered what governments have discovered before, that an undercurrent of hostility towards the news media runs through the country and that there could be political advantage in campaigning against the press in general. The champion press hater, of course, was President Nixon, who told his staff that the press is the enemy, and he proceeded to declare his own private war against the mediA、 In 1969, he had a speech written by speechwriter PatBuchanan denouncing the media as a "tiny and closed fraternity of privileged men".And he gave it to Vice President SpiroAgnew to deliver. That speech is best remembered today for the line contributed by another speechwriter, William Safire, about "nattering nabobs of negativism". It is not clear that the public hates the press as much as officialdom would like to think.A、recent Pew Research report found that public attitudes towards the press have been on a downward track for years. Growing numbers of people questioned the news media’s patriotism and fairness.And yet mostAmericans continue to say they like mainstream news outlets. And so, as TheChristian Science Monitor headlined the other day: "Amid war on terror, a war with the press." You would not expect that I, as a journalist, would exhibit total neutrality in such a war.And so let me quote Justice Potter Stewart in his opinion in the Pentagon Papers ease in 1971: "In the absence of governmental checks and balances present in other areas of our national life, the only effective restraint upon executive policy and power in the area of national defense and international affairs may lie in an enlightened citizenry... Without an informed and free press, there cannot be an enlightened people;" That remains true, even when Mr.Bush proclaims a state of war with the terrorists. According to the passage, who might hate the free press mostA．PresidentBush. B．John Snow. C．President Nixon. D．PatBuchanan. |
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| 第5题： Figures showed that security screeners were ______ dangerous items. A．able to detect B．not able to detect C．not effective in detecting D．very effective in detecting |
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