| 考博易错题（2019/6/11） |
| 第1题： What do we learn about deserts from this text A．Deserts can change into green and fertile areas. B．Certain areas have always been desert. C．Deserts were once the home of elephants and giraffes. D．Deserts have been growing since the beginning of the worl |
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| 第2题：{{B}}Passage 6{{/B}} {{U}}Conservatism in financing.{{/U}} The companies did not risk their capital gratuitously (无缘无故地). They understood the meaning of money in an old-fashioned way; they knew the usefulness of spare cash in the kitty. Money in hand allowed them to snap up (抓住) options when their competitors could not. They did not have to convince third-party financiers of the attractiveness of opportunities they wanted to pursue. Money in the kitty allowed them to govern their growth and evolution. {{U}}Sensitivity to the world around them.{{/U}} Whether they had built their fortunes on knowledge or on natural resources, the living companies in our study were able to adapt themselves to changes in the world around them.As wars, depressions, technologies, and politics surged and ebbed (潮起潮落), they always seemed to excel at keeping their feelers out, staying attuned to whatever was going on. For information, they sometimes relied on packets carried over vast distances by portage and ship, yet they managed to react in a timely fashion to whatever news they receiveD、They were good at learning and adapting. {{U}}Awareness of their identity.{{/U}} No matter how broadly diversified the companies were, their employees all felt like parts of a whole. LordCole, chairman of Unilever in the 1960s, for example, saw the company as a fleet of ships.Each ship was independent, but the whole fleet was greater than the sum of its parts. The feeling of belonging to an organization and identifying with its achievements is often dismissed softly, but case histories repeatedly show that a sense of community is essential for long-term survival. Managers in the living companies we studied were chosen mostly from within, and all considered themselves to be stewards of a longstanding enterprise. Their top priority was keeping the institution at least as healthy as it had been when they took over. {{U}}Tolerance of new ideas.{{/U}} The long-lived companies in our study tolerated activities in the margin: experiments and eccentricities that stretched their understanding. They recognized that new businesses may be entirely unrelated to existing businesses and that the act of starting a business need to be centrally controlleD、W. R. Grace, from its very beginning, encouraged autonomous experimentation. The company was founded in 1854 by an Irish immigrant in Peru and traded in guano, a natural fertilizer, before it moved into sugar and tin.Eventually, the company established PanAmericanAirways. Today it is primarily a chemical company, although it is also the leading provider of kidney dialysis (透析) services in the United States. By definition, a company that survives for more than a century exists in a world it cannot hope to control. Multinational companies are similar to the long-surviving companies of our study in that way. The world of a multinational is very large and stretches across many cultures. That world is inherently less stable and more difficult to influence than a confined national habitat. Multinationals must be willing to change in order to succeeD、 These four traits form the essential character of companies that have functioned successfully for hundreds of years. Given this basic personality, what priorities do the managers of living companies set for themselves and their employees |
| 第3题：In the______of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to ﹩30 million. A、face B、time C、event D、course |
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| 第4题：A．When
B．which C．until D．as |
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| 第5题：Wholly aside from aesthetic and moral considerations, fashion is an economic absurdity, and there is little to be said in its favor. Nevertheless, weCarl appreciate the wisdom in Gina Sombrero’s belief that the enormous stress which women lay on everything pertaining to clothes and the art of personal adornment is connected with the tendency to crystallize sentiment into an object. Woman symbolizes every important event in her life by a special dress; and a jewel or a beautiful gown means to a woman what an official decoration means to a man. "If a woman’s clothes cost the funnily and society a little time, money, and activity, they allow woman, independent of lies and calumnies, to triumph and come to the fore outside of man’s world and competition. They allow woman to satisfy her desire to be the first in the most varied fields by giving her the illusion that she is first, and at the same time enabling her rival to have the same illusion.Clothes absorb some of woman’s activity which might otherwise be diverted to more or less worth-while ends; they give woman real satisfaction, a satisfaction complete in itself, and independent of others, and they constitute safety valve which saves society from much greater and more dangerous evils than those which they cause." The aptness of these observations lies in the emphasis on clothes which are really beautiful and distinctive.But fashion is not primarily concerned with beauty; and fashion connotes conformity, not the individuality so cherished by our society and so artfully suggested by the copywriters. Many people who rigorously follow fashions believe they are following their own inclinations; they are unaware of the primitive, tribal compulsion; and this is true of fashions in manners, morals and literature, as well as in clothes. According to this article, conformity in manners, morals, and literature______.A．is impossible because all artists are individualists B．differs distinctly from conformity in fashions C．stems from the same kind of impulses as does conformity in fashions D．occurs because people are primitive |
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