| 考博易错题（2019/6/20） |
| 第1题：The earth is witnessing an urban revolution, as people worldwide crowd into towns and cities. In 1800 only five per cent of the world’s population were urban dwellers; now the proportion has risen to more than forty-five percent, and by the year 2010 more people will live in towns and cities than in the countryside. Humanity will, for the first time, have become a predominantly urban species. Though the world is getting more crowded by the day, absolute numbers of population are less important than where people concentrate and whether these areas can cope with them.Even densities, however, tell us nothing about the quality of the infrastructure—roads, housing and job creation, for example—or the availability of crucial services. The main question, then, is not how many people there are in a given area, but how well their needs can be met.Density figures have to be set beside measurements of wealth and employment, the quality of housing and the availability of education, medical care, clean water, sanitation and other vital services. The urban revolution is taking place mainly in the Third World, where it is hardest to accommodate. Between 1950 and 1985 the number of city dwellers grew more than twice as fast in the Third World as in industrialized countries.During this period, the urban population of the developed world increased from 477 million to 838 million, less than double; but it quadrupled in developing countries, from 286 million to 1.14 billion.Africa’s urban population is racing along at five percent a year on average, doubling city numbers every fourteen years.By the turn of the century, three in every four LatinAmericans will live in urban areas, as will two in every fiveAsians and one in every threeAfricans.Developing countries will have to increase their urban facilities by two thirds by then, if they are to maintain even their present inadequate levels of services and housing. In 1940 only one out of every hundred of the world’s people lived in a really big city, one with a population of over a million.By 1980 this proportion had already risen to one in ten. Two of the world’s biggest cities, Mexico and Sao Paulo, are already bursting at the seams—and their populations are doubling in less than twenty years. About a third of the people of the Third World’s cities now live in desperately overcrowded slums and squatter settlements. Many are unemployed, uneducated, undernourished and chronically sick. Tens of millions of new people arrive every year, flocking in from the countryside in what is the greatest mass migration in history. Pushed out of the countryside by rural poverty and drawn to the cities in the hope of a better life, they find no houses waiting for them, no water supplies, no sewerage, no schools. They throw up makeshift hovels, built of whatever they can finD、sticks, fronds, cardboard, tar-paper, straw, petrol tins and, if they are lucky, corrugated iron. They have to take the land none else wants; land that is too wet, too dry, too steep or too polluted for normal habitation. Yet all over the world the inhabitants of these apparently hopeless slums show extraordinary enterprise in improving their lives. While many settlements remain stuck in apathy, many others are gradually improved through the vigour and co-operation of their people, who turn flimsy shacks into solid buildings, build school, lay out streets and put in electricity and water supplies. Governments can help by giving the squatters the right to the land that they have usually occupied illegally, giving them the incentive to improve their homes and neighborhoods. The most important way to ameliorate the effects of the Third World’s exploding cities, however, is to slow down the migration. This involves correcting the bias most governments show towards cities and towns and against the countryside. With few sources of hard currency, though, many governments in developing |
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| 第2题： A、jungle is a thick, tangled mass of tropical plant life. Low bushes, ferns, vines, and young trees grow very (1) . In fact, people often must use an ax or long knife to (2) the growth. Most (3) are found near the equator, in SouthAmerica,Africa, and parts ofAsi A、 Many people are confused by the difference (4) a tropical rain forest and a jungle. Tropical rain forests have tall trees. These prevent (5) from reaching the forest floor. A、jungle, however, can grow only (6) tall trees do not block the sun. Very often, when tropical rain forests are (7) , the jungle moves in to take over the now-sunny forest floor. At different heights the jungle offers (8) kinds of plant and animal life.At ground level huge palms and ferns grow, much (9) they did in prehistoric times.Ants are the commonest (10) there. For that reason, anteaters (11) on the jungle floor. Jaguars, tapirs, armadillos, and snakes are also (12) sights in the jungle. Twenty-five feet (13) from the jungle floor, sunlight streams through trees that are alive with animal and insect life. (14) the air is always hot and humid, all life moves at an easy pace. Lizards, tree-dwelling anteaters, wild turkeys, sloth, and kinkajous, who live (15) ants and insects, can find their food very easily. To get food, they never even have to (16) the trees. About seventy-five feet above the ground monkeys playfully maneuver among the scattered tall trees.Around them fly the brilliantly colored birds (17) which the jungle is famous. Parrots, macaws, and toucans shrilly break the jungle (18) . Their (19) can be clearly hearD、When the birds and (20) look down to the jungle floor, they are seeing jungle life as it has been for millions of years. A、downB、along C、besideD、up |
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| 第3题： She ______ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions. A．got B．would have got C．had got D．would be getting |
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| 第4题：The sound of the snakehead is soft and tempting and perfectly pitched to the ears of youngChinese who dream of a better life. 46. "One need never go wanting for anything inAmerica," the snakehead says. "Color televisions. Shiny cars,Dollars by the millions.All is there, just waiting to be claimeD、" If the countless numbers of youngChinese who this moment are plotting their escape toAmerica knew that the Land of Milk and Honey has proved sour for thousands of their people, they would not be so eager to make the risky journey. Since the first boatload of illegalChinese aliens was seized by U. S. officials in 1991, some 50Chinese crime groups have smuggled tens of thousands ofChinese into the U.S. each year. The routes vary, some by sea, others by air or by steady. In the southern coastal province of Fnjian, home goes up to about 80% of these immigrants. 47. Families band together to raise the funds, thinking they are making a down payment not only on a loved one’s future but their own as well. For their effort they often bankrupt their savings only to sell the loved one into slavery. Those who wish to try their tuck abroad are encouraged by the snakeheads who then link them with underground networks. 48. Most of the arrangements are done by international crime Syndicates, which cut deals with desperate families, then draw up the escape plan, obtain the forged documents and furnish the transportation. Some observers say as many as 20 human smuggling Syndicates may operatein Fujian. These organized rings influence officials unfairly, change stolen passports, forge visas, keep safe houses and charter boats to pull off their daring operations. But falling into the hands of the gangs is a terrifying thing. Immigrants may face severe punishment if they fail to satisfy the demands of their contracts. 49. That, perhaps, explains the desperation of theChinese illegals who sweat it out in restaurants, garment factories and dry-cleaning establishments for as little as $ 2 an hour. One garment clothes making district employee, for ex- ample, who worked 36 hours straight, was deprived of pay for taking a one hour nap. Non-payment of wages is widespreaD、"They are slaves, pure and simple," says a U. S. immigration official. "Many end up in bondage like slaves, forced to become gang enforcers or drug carriers.\ |
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| 第5题：Shyness is a nearly universal human trait.Almost everyone has bouts of it, and half of those surveyed describe themselves as shy. Perhaps because it’s so widespread, and because it suggests vulnerability, shyness is often an endearing trait: PrincessDiana, for example, won millions of admirers with her "ShyDi" manner. The human species might not even exist if not for an instinctive wariness of other creatures. In fact, the ability to sense a threat and a desire to flee are lodged in the most primitive regions of the brain. But at some life juncture, roughly 1 our of every 8 people becomes so timid that encounters with others turn into a source of overwhelming dreaD、The heart races, palms sweat, mouth grows dry, words vanish; thoughts become cluttered, and an urge to escape takes over. This is the face of social phobia (also known as "social anxiety disorder"), the third most common mental disorder in the United States, behind depression and alcoholism. Some social phobics can hardly utter a sentence without obsession over the impression they are making. Others refuse to use public restrooms or talk on the telephone. Sometimes they go mute in front of the boss or a member of the opposite sex.At the extreme, they built a hermitic life, avoiding contact with others. Though social anxiety’s symptoms have been noted since the time of Hippocrates, the disorder was a nameless affliction until the late 1960s and didn’t make its way into psychiatry manuals until 1980.As it became better known, patients previously thought to suffer panic disorder were recognized as being anxious only in social settings. A、decade ago, 40 percent of people said they were shy, but in today’s "nation of strangers" --in which computers andATMs make face-to-face relations less and less common--that number is nearing 50 percent. Some psychologists are convinced that the Internet culture, often favored by those who fear human interaction, greases the slope from shyness to social anxiety. If people were slightly shy to begin with, they can now interact less and less, and that will make the shyness much worse. What is the cited attitude of some psychologists towards the Internet culture A、It is the main cause of social phobi A、 B．It is destructive and thus should be kept away from the youth. C．It encourages people who are rather inhibited to communicate more freely. D．It helps accelerate the degradation from shyness to social phobi |
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