考博习题练习

考博易错题（2019/7/4）
第1题：This large city does almost no manufacturing and very little wholesale trade. Yet without the important service (1) provides, business everywhere would quickly grind to a (2) .Chaos would reign in all other leading cities.As you have guessed, the "product" we are talking about is government, and the city is the (3) of the United States, Washington,D、C、One out of every two persons (4) in the city works for the federal government.
Washington has many (5) . It leads the nation in level of education achieved by its residents. More than fifteen percent of its adults have had four years or more of college. (6) scientists can be found here than in any other city. Since larger incomes are earned by (7) people, Washington has the highest median income of any city.
Information is the vital force of the city. The Library ofCongress (8) the largest and most comprehensive warehouse of information in the worlD、It contains 74 million items on hundreds of miles of (9) . In addition to books, these (10) include manuscripts, maps, photographs and documents. Papers of the Presidents all the way back to Washington are found here. The library is (11) to the publiC、It is considered by (12) to be one of the finest in the worlD、These people study the documents found in libraries.
Washington has many important governmental buildings and historic shrines. (13) include theCapitol building, the White House, the SupremeCourt, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument. TheBureau ofEngraving and Printing is (14) located here. This agency is responsible (15) putting new paper money into circulation. Tens of millions of dollars in money is (16) here every day.
Unlike most cities, which grow in jumbled masses, Washington was planned on paper (17) any of its buildings were erecteD、The planners incorporated broad open areas around the historic landmarks and buildings.As a result the city is (18) . The central part of the city (19) a huge green park with broad, tree-lined boulevards and splendid (20) of its great structures.
A、safe
B、dirty
C、clear
D、dangerous
【单选题】：      

第2题：Ask anAmerican schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish.But don’t bother, here’s the answer.Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing.Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.
What are they learning In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy store book rack, next to typical kids’ books like "Heather Has Two Mommies andDaddy is ’Dysfunctional’". It’s a teacher’s guide called "Happy ToBe Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem". Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject inAmerican classrooms. ManyAmerican schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.
No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site.All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation so consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.
Schools have changeD、Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changeD、Whereas I learnedEnglish, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication".Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty per cent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.
The result is that, in place ofEnglish classes,American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People".Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high schoolEnglish class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper.
"Happy ToBe Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write.After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.
There was a time when no self-respecting book forEnglish teachers would use "great" or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose ofEnglish courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is good, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel particularly good about anything .
What’s the best summary for this passage
A、New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.

B、The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.
C．Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.
D．Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.
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第3题：Color is very important to most animals for it helps them to get along in the worl
D、Color (21) to make an animal difficult for its enemies to (22) . Many animals match their (23) so well that as long as they do not move no one is (24) to see them. You probably have often "jumped" a rabbit. If you (25) , you know how the rabbit sits perfectly still (26) you are just a few feet away. You (27) see the rabbit till it runs for its (28) matches very closely the place where it is (29) . Many times you may have walked past a rabbit (30) didn’t run and you never knew it was there at all.
One of the most usual color schemes that helps animals to keep (31) being seen, is a dark back and light underpants. If an animal is the same color all (32) , there is always a dark shadow along the animal’s belly (腹部). (33) an enemy couldn’t see the animal he could see this dark shadow. The shadow makes the animal (34) out to view.But if the belly is (35) than the rest of the animal, the shadow will not be notice
D、
A．enable
B．hardly
C．likely

D、possible
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Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of theAmerican South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively "Southern" --the decades after 1815.Consequently, the cultural history ofBritain’s NorthAmerican empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been writ ten almost as if the Southern colonies had never existeD、TheAmerican culture that emerged during theColonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of NewEngland Puritan culture. However, ProfessorDavis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest ofAmerican society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for whichDavis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematiC、
What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly,Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation ofAmerican culture. YetDavis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout,Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and NativeAmericans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.
However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early NewEngland culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of NewEngland as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts andConnecticut. Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears toDavis to be peculiarly Southern--aquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models--was not only more typicallyEnglish than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts andConnecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modernBritish colonies fromBarbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework ofAmerican colonial life, then, not the Southern but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the lateColonial perioD、
第4题：{{B}}Passage Five{{/B}}
According to the author, the depiction ofAmerican culture during theColonial and Revolutionary eras as an extension of NewEngland Puritan culture reflects the ______.A．fact that historians have overestimated the importance of the Puritans in the development ofAmerican culture
B．fact that earlyAmerican culture was deeply influenced by the strong religious orientation of the colonists
C．extent to which Massachusetts andConnecticut served as cultural models for the otherAmerican colonies
D．extent to which colonialAmerica resisted assimilating cultural patterns that were typicallyEnglish
【单选题】：      
第5题：China today is home to 13 billion people--nearly one quarter of the world’s population. The growth ofChina’s population is largely the result of modernization, which has brought with it more food, better medical care, less disease, and fewer epidemics and famines. The death rate inChina has decreased, and more children survive. The higher survival rate inChina means that more people are entering childbearing age. This population growth was threatening to destroyChina’s chances to become a richer country: just providing food and basic necessities for everyone would consume all of its economic gains.
To tame the explosive population growth, theChinese government launched a drastic policy of allowing one child per family. To enforce this policy, the government has a variety of incentives for those who comply and punishment for those who do not. For example, couples who have only one child get a monthly pay until the child is fourteen, special consideration for scarce housing, free medical care, and extra pension benefits. The pressure to conform is powerful.Couples who ignore the state’s directive suffer social disgrace and economic penalties.
The family-planning policy, instituted inChina in 1979, has been remarkably effective (though considerably more so in cities than in the countryside).Births to women of childbearing age have fallen dramatically--to about 2.5 children for every woman.
China may eventually succeed in balancing its population growth, but in doing so, it is creating a new problem. The irony is that because of the very success ofChina’s population policy, theChinese population is aging rapidly. In 1982, 5% of the population was over age 64. In 2010, about 9% will be over 64, and in 2050, 25% will be.At the family level, children without brothers or sisters will each have to care for two aging parents.At the national level, the great numbers of aging people will tax the society’s resources.China shares this problem--a rapidly aging population with- out a large enough following generation to support it--with many of the developed nations of the worlD、
The primary purpose of this passage is to ______.
A、predict the population problem inChina
B、explain why the family-planning policy is adopted inChina
C、illustrate the result of family-planning policy
D、demonstrate the cause and effect of the family-planning policy
【单选题】：      

 

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