| 考博易错题（2019/8/1） |
| 第1题：{{B}}Passage Five{{/B}} Fault finding expends so much negative energy that nothing is left over for positive action. It takes courage and strength to solve the genuine problems that afflict every society. Sure, there will always be things that need fixing.But the question is, do you want to spend your time and energy tearing things down or building them up The staging of aBroadway show could illustrate my point. Let’s say a new production is about to open.A、playwright has polished the script, investors have put up the money, and the theater has been renteD、A、director has been chosen, actors have been auditioned and selected, and the cast has been rehearsing for weeks. Set, lighting, and sound engineers have been hard at work.By the time opening night arrives, nearly a hundred people have labored tirelessly--all working long hours to make magic for their audience. On opening night, four or five critics sit in the audience. If they pan it, the play will probably close in a matter of days or weeks. If they praise it, the production could go on for a long and successful run. In the end, success or failure might hinge on the opinion of a single person--someone who might be in a bad mood on opening night! What’s wrong with this scene In one sense, nothing.Critics have a legitimate role. The problem arises when we make critics our heroes or put them in control of our fate. When we empower the critic more than the playwright, something is wrong. It is much easier to criticize than to create. When we revere the critics of society, we eventually become a society of critics, and when that happens, there is no room left for constructive optimism. |
| 第2题：Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation; they are a very mild form of electrical or magnetic wave that moves through space. Unlike X-rays and gamma rays, which are very powerful rays of radiation, microwaves are rather weak and are much more like the waves of radiation used in radio broadcasting. In microwave ovens, the use of microwaves with which most people me familiar, the waves are produced by an electronic tube called a magnetron. Microwaves produce heat in any food placed inside the oven by causing the water in the food to vibrate rapidly and thus heat up. Food that have more water in them take less time to cook and probably have more of their nutrients left intact when cooked in a microwave oven. Microwaves do not pass through metal, so the microwaves are retained within the oven. Microwaves pass immediately through glass, paper, and plastic with no effect on these materials or on the microwaves; nothing inside the microwave oven is heated except the food itself, so cooking process is much more efficient than in conventional ovens. Sometimes a pan or container is heated because it is touching the hot food, though: some users of microwave oven have been burned by but food, by hot pans, or steam escaping from the fooD、No documented case of radiation burns born a microwave oven has ever been reporteD、 Actually, we know very little about how microwave radiation might affect human beings. Obviously, if microwave can cook a roast by exciting the water molecules in the meat, they could do the same thing to human flesh. Human being could be burned by prolonged exposure to high levels of microwaves.But scientists are more concerned about the effects of low level microwave exposures, such as might result from a leaking microwave oven. No research has yet been performed on people who have been exposed to low level microwave radiation. Some experiments have been performed on animals, but the results are very difficult to interpret.As the eyes are particularly sensitive, rabbits exposed to low level microwaves were checked for the growth of cataracts, and none were founD、On the other hand, some animals seem able to sense microwave radiation and try to escape from it immediately. In others, microwave radiation causes the body to react as if defending itself against a decease. These responses lead some scientists to think that microwave radiation is harmful, though in some yet undiscovered way. The author’ s tone is ______. A、objective B、sarcastic C、negative D、skeptical |
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| 第3题： Not surprising in these hard times, the student’s major objective "is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life. It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting". Interest in teaching, social service and the "altruistic" fields is at a low. on the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up. That’s no surprise either.A、friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job--even before she completed her two-year associate degree. While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally tame that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed flora our own and that we are better for ear understanding of these other contributions--be they scientific or artistiC、It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs. Weekly we mad of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer out of business. No company; no jo B、How shortsighted in the long run ! But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the intercom (对讲机): "MissBaxter," he says, "could you please send in someone who can distinguish fight from wrong " From the long-term point of view, that’s what education really ought to be about. |
| 第4题：Just as a book is often judged ______ by the quality and appearance of its cover, a person is judged immediately by his appearance. [A] previously [B] uniquely [C] outwardly .[D] initially |
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| 第5题： In this part you are going to read six passages.Each of the passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question there are four choices markedA,B, C、and D、Decide on the best choice according to the passage you read and write your choice. D、 What might account for this strange phenomenon Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills, b) winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer staminA、c) soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania, d) none of the above. AndersEricsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above".Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,"Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers." This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined, ledEricsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrate D、or, put another way, expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming are nearly always made, not born. |