| 考博易错题（2019/8/2） |
| 第1题：There are four basic types of competition in business that form a continuum from pure competition through monopolistic competition and oligopoly (商品供应垄断) to monopoly.At one end of the continuum, pure competition results when every company has a similar product.Companies that deal in commodities such as wheat or corn are often involved in pure competition. In pure competition, it is often the ease and efficiency of distribution that influences purchase. In contrast, in monopolistic competition, several companies may compete for the sale of items that may be substituteD、The classic example of monopolistic competition is coffee and te A、If the price of one is perceived as too high, consumers may begin to purchase the other.Coupons and other discounts (折扣) are often used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales. Oligopoly occurs when a few companies dominate the sales of a product or service. For example, only five airline carriers control more than 70 percent of all ticket sales in the United States. In oligopoly, serious competition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for every company in the group.Although price wars do occur, in which all companies offer substantial savings to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual. Finally, monopoly occurs when only one firm sells the product. Some monopolies have been tolerated for producers of goods and services that have been considered basic or essential, including electricity and water. In these cases, it is government control, rather than competition, that protects and influences sales. The word "tolerated" in Paragraph 4 could best be replaced by ______. A、permitted B．reserved C．criticized D．devised |
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| 第2题：An investigation of the circulation of blood in the eyes of diver has produced the strongest evidence that tissue damage caused by diving is more common and more severe than had been previously thought. Of the 26 professional divers studied, all had abnormal retinas. None of the divers taking part in the study had visual problems as a result of their damaged retinas butAlanBird of MoorfieldsEye Hospital in London said that he "would not be surprised to find divers whose damage has progressed far enough to affect their vision". Evidence has mounted during recent years to show that exposure to pressure during diving subtly damages the central nervous system.Doctors believe that the damage is due to obstruction in the flow of blood through the tissues. People who take up diving as a sport know they are at risk of getting "the bends" or an air embolism, but if they follow the correct procedures, the risk is very low.All professional divers know they also run the risk of bone necrosis.About 5 per cent of them develop small dead patches in their bones.Active professional divers have their thighs and upper arms X-rayed as part of their annual medical examination. Doctors have been concerned diving-caused dead patches to appear on bones; other tissues may be suffering a similar fate. Their concern increased in the early 1950s.Detailed neurological examinations and tests of the memory and reactions of experienced professional divers suggested that some of them might have slight damage to the brain and spinal corD、In order to determine the size of the problem, the researchers needed a method of looking for the damage in a large sample of divers that did not involve surgery. The damage which occurs in the tissue of both the bones and the nerves of divers is similar.Damages of the retina which doctors can see using the technique are known as retinal angiography. The process involves injecting fluorocein dye into the blood stream and photographing the back of the eye through the pupil. The technique can provide a detailed photograph of the two vascular systems supplying blood to their retina without causing too much discomfort to the patient. The researchers suggested three mechanisms to explain how diving causes this obstruction. When divers come back to the surface, air bubbles sometimes form in their lungs.Bubbles forming in the lungs trigger changes in the body’s clotting mechanism which could result in minute clots. The researchers hope that clues to the cause of the obstruction will come from investigations into the individual differences between divers. Some of the divers studied had relatively little damage even though they had been diving for many years and done a great deal of deep diving. On the other hand, a few inexperienced divers had quite extensive damage. Damage to the retina is caused by ______ . A、obstructions to blood circulation B、loss of pigment in the epithelium C．pressure on the central nervous system D．All of the above |
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| 第3题： {{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA,B, C、andD、Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center. {{B}}Passage One{{/B}} C、 I have never been a linguist. Though I had traveled widely as a journalist, I had never managed to pick up more than a smattering of phrases in any tongue other than French, and even my French was laborious for want of lengthy practice. The prospect of tackling one of the notoriously difficult languages at the age of forty, and trying to speak it well, both deterred and excited me. It was perhaps expecting a little too much of a curiously unreceptive part of myself, yet the possibility that I might gain access to a completely alien culture and tradition by this means was enormously pleasing. I enrolled as pupil in a small school in the center of the city. It was run by Mr.Beheit, of dapper appearance and explosive temperament, who assured me that after three months of his special treatment I would speakArabic fluently. Whereupon he drew from his desk a postcard which an old pupil has sent him from somewhere in the MiddleEast, expressing great gratitude and reporting the astonishment of localArabs that he could converse with them like a native. It was written inEnglish. Mr.Beheit himself spent most of his time coaching businessmen in French, and through the thin, partitioned walls of his school one could hear him bellowing in exasperation at some confuse entrepreneur: "Non. M. Jones. le ne suis pas francais. Pas, Pas, Pas." (No Mr. Jones, I’m not, not, NOT). I was gratified that my own tutor, whose name wasAhmed, was infinitely softer and less public in his approach. For a couple of hours every morning we would face each other across a small table, while we discussed in meticulous detail the colour scheme of the tiny cubicle, the events in the street below and, once a week, the hair-raising progress of a window-cleaner across the wall of the building opposite. In between, bearing in mind the particular interest I had in acquiringArabic, I would inquire the way to some imaginary oasis, anxiously demand fodder and water for my camels, wonder politely whether the sheikh was prepared to grant me audience now. It was all hard going. I frequently despaired of ever becoming anything like a fluent speaker, thoughAhmed assured me that my pronunciation was above average for a Westerner. This, I suspected, was partly flattery, for there are a couple ofArabic sounds which not even a gift for mimicry allowed me to grasp for ages. There were, moreover, vast distinctions of meaning conveyed by subtle sound shifts rarely employed inEnglish.And for me the problem was increased by the need to assimilate a vocabulary, that would vary from place to place across five essentiallyArabic-speaking countries that practiced vernaculars of their own: so that the word for "people", for instance, might be "nais", "sahab" or "sooken". Each day I was mentally exhausted by the strain of a morning in school, followed by an afternoon struggling at home with a tape recorder. Yet there was relief in the most elementary forms of understanding and progress. When I merely got the drift of a torrent whichAhmed had just release, I was childishly clateD、When I managed to roll a complete sentence off my tongue without apparently thinking what I was saying, and it came out right. I beamed like an idiot.And the enjoyment of reading and writing the flowingArabic script was something that did not leave me once I had mastered it.By the end of June, noone c 【单选题】： | |
| 第4题： Theories have features that are (indicative) of their truth, and the task of justification is to identify these features and (using them) to guide choices (as to) (which theories) to believe. A．indicative B．using them C．as to D．which theories |
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| 第5题：Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, (21) do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for (22) foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if (23) is missing a deficiency disease becomes (24) Vitamins are similar because they are (25) of the same elements--usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and (26) . nitrogen. They are different (27) their elements are arranged (28) , and each vitamin (29) one or more specific (30) in the body. (31) enough vitamins is essential to life, (32) the body has no nutritional use for (33) vitamins. Many people, (34) , believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. However, a (35) diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs. A．although B．and C．yet D．both |
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