| 考博易错题（2019/8/7） |
| 第1题：PartA Directions: Translate the following passage intoChinese. To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: "I will take an interest in this or that. " Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort.A、man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry trifling things at the weekenD、 |
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| 第2题："Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout." "war cry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the fielD、"English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The term at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout theEuropean continent during the middle ages, and they were utilized primly as "passwords to insure proper recognition of individuals at night or in the confusion of battle." TheAmerican revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "theBoston Massacre," "theBoston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation." Slogans operate in society as "social symbols" and, as such, their intended or perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups. Because slogans may operate as "significant symbols" or as key words that have a standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that the influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal Symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol. MurrayEdelman writes that "to the political scientist patterning or consistency in the context in which specific groups of individuals use symbols is crucial, for only through such patterning do common political meaning and claims arise." Thus, the slogans a group uses to evoke specific responses may provide us with an index for the group’s norm, values, and conceptual rationale for its claims. Slogans are so pervasive in today’s society that it is easy to underestimate their persuasive power. They have grown in significance because of the medium of television and the advertising industry. Television, in addition to being the major advertising medium, has altered the nature of human interaction. Political images are less personal and shorter. They function as summaries and conclusions rather than bases for public interaction and debate. The style of presentation in television is more emotional, but the content is less complex or ideological. In short, slogans work well on television. The advertising industry has made a science of sloganeering. Today, communication itself is a problem because we live in an "overcommunicated" society.Advertisers have discovered that it is easier to link product attributes to existing beliefs, ideas, goals, and desires of the consumer rather than to change them. Thus, to say that a cookie tastes "homemade" or is as good as "Mom used to make" does not tell us if the cookie is good or bad, hard or soft, but simply evokes the fond memories of Mother’s baking.Advertisers, then, are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer. Slogans do this well by crystallizing in a few words the key idea or theme one wants to associate with an issue, group, product, or event. "Sloganeering" has become institutionalized as a virtual art form, and an advertising agency may spend months testing and creating the right slogan for a product or a person. Slogans have a number of attributes that enhance their persuasive potential for social movements. They are unique and readily identifiable with a specific social movement or social movement organization. "Gray Power," for instance, readily identifies the movement for elderlyAmericans, and "Huelga" (strike in Spanish) identifies the movement to aid MexicanAmerican field workers in the west and southwest. Because slogans are "social symbols" they ______. A、can have diff |
| 【单选题】： |
| 第3题：All the parts of these washing machines are ______, so that it is very convenient tO replace them.
A. normalized B．modernized C．mechanized D．standardized |
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| 第4题：以下关于道路绿化描述不正确的是( )。
A．在靠近广场或大型公共建筑附近不可布置用花、草、灌木等组成的街旁花园 B．在宽度大于40m的滨河路或主干道上，当交通条件许可时，可考虑沿道路两侧或一侧成行地种树，布置成有一定宽度的林荫道 C．一般可以在靠车行道一侧考虑布置草地、花丛、灌木和矮乔木等 D．可在靠人行道的一侧布置遮荫的乔木 |
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| 第5题：It is commonly acknowledged that honesty is the best policy but just what is meant by honesty and why is it the best policyAnd what is meant by best The implications of being honest would seem to be obvious, but if we look more deeply, (1) there are advantages to adopting honesty as a way of living that do not at first present themselves clearly. (2) There are hidden benefits in being honest that are beyond the traditional perceptions about what being honest affords us. Honesty is least of all about what we say and most of all about how we are. (3) It is most important to understand that honesty cannot even be restricted to the definition of our actions, for there is a whole network of behavior that is affected by our degree of honesty and the degree to which we allow honesty to saturate our lives. The absolute nature of honesty sees to it that we cannot apply it selectively. It is quite impossible to be truly honest with one person while all the other lying to ourselves about someone else. It is not realistic to assume that we can maintain a dishonest relationship with one friend and maintain an honest relationship with another. Friendship could not exist if we were able to perform such a feat. (4) It is true then, that honesty applies not only to the words we say and the things we do, but also in the feelings we feel and how we allow those feelings to impact on our lives and on our perception of our lives. (5) It is not commonly recognized that honesty applies as much to our relationship with our feelings as it does to any other aspect of our lives and yet perhaps this is the most important in terms of how it affects us. It must be remembered that usually our feelings are the most significant representatives of our relationship with ourselves. In a sense, our feelings and what we do about those feelings essentially define our outlook on life. It is easily demonstrated in the media that individuals are often defined by how they feel about issues. For example, if an individual is opposed to abortion, they will be described as an "anti-abortionist". If an unruly dog attacks someone’s child, then a likely description could be "outraged parent". Perhaps a group of local people objects to something happening in their street, a possible description might read "angry residents". |
| 【分析题】： |