| 考博易错题（2019/8/10） |
| 第1题： Guthrie identified three methods for ______. A．educating students B．altering bad habits C．avoiding undesired action D．forming good hobbies |
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| 第2题：The basic reason for the existence of multi-national companies is the competitive advantage of a global network of production and distribution. This competitive advantage arises in part from vertical and horizontal integration with foreign affiliates.By vertical integration, most MNCs can ensure their supply of foreign materials and intermediate products and avoid the imperfections often found in foreign markets. They can also provide better distribution and service networks.By horizontal integration through foreign affiliates, MNCs can better protect and exploit their monopoly power, adapt their products to local conditions and tastes, and ensure consistent product quality. |
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| 第3题：Gordon Shaw the physicist, 66, and colleagues have discovered what’s known as the "Mozart effect," the ability of a Mozart sonata, under the right circumstances, to improve the listener’s mathematical and reasoning abilities.But the findings are controversial and have launched all kinds of crank notions about using music to make kids smarter. The hype, he warns, has gotten out of hanD、 But first, the essence: Is there something about the brain cells work to explain the effect In 1978 the neuroscientist Vernon Mountcastle devised a model of the neural structure of the brain’s gray matter. Looking like a thick band of colorful bead work, it represents the firing patterns of groups of neurons.Building on Mounteastle, Shaw and his team constructed a model of their own. On a lark, Xiaodan Leng, who was Shaw’s colleague at the time, used a synthesizer to translate these patterns into musiC、What came out of the speakers wasn’t exactly toe-tapping, but it was musiC、Shaw and Leng inferred that music and brain-wave activity are built on the same sort of patterns. "Gordon is a contrarian in his thinking," says his longtime friend, Nobel Prize-winning Stanford physicist Martin Peri. "That’s important. In new areas of science, such as brain research, nobody knows how to do it." What do neuroscientists and psychologists think of Shaw’s findings ’ They haven’t condemned it, but neither have they confirmed it. Maybe you have to take them with a grain of salt, but the experiments by Shaw and his colleagues are intriguing. In March a team led by Shaw announced that young children who had listened to the Mozart sonata and studied the piano over a period of months improved their scores by 27% on a test of ratios and proportions. The control group against which they were measured received compatible enrichment courses--minus the musiC、The Mozart-trained kids are now doing math three grade levels ahead of their peers, Shaw claims. Proof of all this, of course, is necessarily elusive because it can be difficult to do a double- blind experiment of educational techniques. In a double-blind trial of an arthritis drug, neither the study subjects nor the experts evaluating them know which ones got the test treatment and which a dummy pill. How do you keep the participants from knowing it’s Mozart on theCD、 Shaw and Leng’s experiment on the model of their own seems to be based on the hypothesis that ______.A．listening to Mozart could change the brain’s hardware B．brain-waves could be invariably translated into music C．listening to music could stimulate brain development D．toe-tapping could be very close to something musical |
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| 第4题：The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers.Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts.Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities (实体) directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are.Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which soical entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not.Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper, the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may include efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that, war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is. The author cites animal fights ______.A．to argue for the inevitability of war B．to support the theory that the fittest survive C、to show that animals are free to eat animals D．to indicate the nature of animal struggle |
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| 第5题：I've never______the theory that people are more important than animals.
A．subscribed to B．hung on C．engaged in D．indulged in |
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