| 考博模拟试题（2019/11/6） |
| 第1题：The sentence "This question elicits… "(Line 4, ParA、2) means______.
A. people have different responses to the question "what is biotechnology" B．the question "what is biotechnology" has been posed to many people C．responses to the question "what is biotechnology" should be made on the spot D．only those who are asked the question "what is biotechnology" can answer it |
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| 第2题：A、year ago the firm had a______loss of 4.3 million dollars or 20 cents a share af ter all necessary deduction.
A. total B．gross C．net D．clear |
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| 第3题： A、in B．on C．through D．for |
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| 第4题：Nanotechnology, according to its fans, will jump-start a new industrial revolution with molecular-sized structures as complex as the human cell and 100 times stronger than steel. The new technology transforms everyday products and the way they are made by manipulating atoms so that materials can be shrunk, strengthened and lightened all at once. To date only modest nanotech-based products--such as stain-resistant fabrics and fresh food packaging--have entered the market, but some scientists predict nanotechnology will eventually be the only game in town. "It will be a ubiquitous technology," said George Stephanopoulos, professor of chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He echoes other nanotech supporters who say industrial countries are already sliding toward its use in every aspect of manufacturing. Aided by recent advances in microscopes, scientists can now place single atoms where they want for the first time. The potential applications are numerous, with microscopic computers, cancer-killing antennae and nonpolluting car engines on the distant horizon. When it’s all going to happen, though, is another matter.According to most scientific accounts, the nanotech future may be 10 to 20 years off. Major hurdles need to be jumpeD、First, there is a lack of economic mass production. Some of the more complicated devices would require exact placement of billions of atoms. "It may take the lifetime of the universe to complete the construction of (such a)device, " said GeorgeBarbastathis, assistant professor at NIT.Another challenge is bridging the nanoscale and macroscopic, he saiD、In other words, the smallness of a nano device is useless when it must be attached to large wires. It’s unclear how scientists will overcome these problems.And fears derived from science fiction threaten to derail nano-technology even as it emerges, in much the same way popular anxiety over "super-weeds" and "frankenfoods" have hobbled biotechnology in agriculture and fear of "designer babies" has set back stem-cell research. Lured by a market with billions of dollars in potential profits, giants like GE, Intel, Motorola and IBM are already heavily involved in research. Worldwide, the two, industries with the potential to win big with nanotechnology are electronics and biotechnology, according to MIT researchers. On the biotech front, scientists are promoting the notion of nanoparticles made from gold that could be triggered remotely to heat and kill individual cancer cells. Nanotechnology holds equal promise for wealth creation, but there isn’t a consensus among venture capitalists on how to realize it. "Which direction is it going to work out in That’s the question on everyone’s mind," GangChen, an associate professor at the MIT, told scientists at aBoston nano gathering. The statement "... be the only game... "(line 7, ParA．1) implies that ______.A、nanotechnology can not continue in existence for a long time B、nanotechnology will be the only activity that provides entertainmentC、nanotechnology will become the most influential in the futureD、nanotechnology will become the most beneficial thing someday |
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| 第5题：WhenDaniel Franklin, a political science professor fromAtlanta, needed career advancement advice, he didn’t turn to colleagues, therapists or even his mom. He went to theAdvice Ladies. Three thirty something New York women, advertising freelancers by day, have turned themselves into Saturday afternoon street-comer oracles, they pull up lawn chairs and a table on a lower Manhattan street corner and dish out free advice to passersby. They’ve claimed the comer of WestBroadway andBroome Street in Soho as their own for the last several months. AmyAlkon, who, with longtime friends Marlowe Minnick andCarolyn Johnson, becomes a part-time shrink each weekenD、"We use creative problem- solving to turn problem into fun," she says. On a recent steamy afternoon, a line has formed in front of theAdvice Ladies’ table. Obviously, New Yorkers need plenty of help. "People feel they have no control in this crazy worlD、And therapy can take years," Minnick says. "We solve problems instantly, it’s instant answer gratification." The three brainstorm before delivering advice on everything from pet discipline, closet- space management, even hair care.But no legal advice. "By far, most of our questions are love-relateD、It’s amazing the intimate sexual problems that people will divulge to a total stranger,"Alkon says. But they won’t be strangers much longer. TheAdvice Ladies are putting together a book deal.And RobertDe Niro is creating a talk show around them, due nationally this fall from his Tribeca Pictures. "De Niro asked us for advice, but we think he’s already perfect," purrsAlkon. And their career advice to Franklin "He’s written a book, so we told him to get a manager and go on the touring circuit. It’s great money and great publicity for the book." "Good advice," says Franklin. There were ______. A、about 30 New York women who offered free advice by day B．three women freelancers about 30 years old who offered advertising advice on Saturday C．about 30 women advertising freelancers offered advice every Saturday afternoon in New York D．three women about 30 years old, who did advertising as a job, offered free advice every Saturday afternoon |
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| 第6题： Suspicious of too powerful a President, Americans nonetheless are ______ when a President does not act decisively. A．unified B．indifferent C．content D．uneasy |
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| 第7题：The fire caused great losses, but the factory tried to ______ the consequences by saying that the damage was not as serious as reporteD、
A．decrease B．subtract C．minimize D．degrade |
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| 第8题：The next time the men were taken up onto the deck, Kunta made a point of looking at the man behind him in line, the one who lay beside him to the left when they were below. He was a Serer tribesman much older than Kunta, and his body, front and back, was creased with whip cuts, some of them so deep and festering that Kunta, felt badly for having wished sometimes that be might strike the man in the darkness for moaning so steadily in his pain. Staring back at Kunta, the Serer’s dark eyes were full of fury and defiance. A、whip lashed out even as they stood looking at each other--this time at Kunta, spurring him to move aheaD、Trying to roll away, Kunta was kicked heavily in his ribs.But somehow he and the gasping Wolof managed to stagger back up among the other men from their shelf who were shambling toward their dousing with bucked of seawater. A、moment later, the stinging saltiness of it was burning in Kunta’s wounds, and his screams joined those of others over the sound of the drum and the wheezing thing that had again begun marking time for the chained men to jump and dance for the toubo B、Kunta and the Wolof were so weak from their new beating that twice they stumbled, but whip blows and kicks sent them hopping clumsily up and down in their chains. So great was his fury that Kunta was barely aware of the women singing "Toubob fa!"And when he had finally been chained back down in his place in the dark hold, his heart throbbed with a lust to murder toubo B、 Every few days the eight naked toubob would againCome into the stinking darkness and scrape their tubs full of the excrement that had accumulated on the shelves where the chained men lay. Kunta would lie still with his eyes staring balefully in hatred, following the bobbing orange lights, listening to the toubob cursing and sometimes slipping and tailing into the slickness underfoot--so plentiful now, because of the increasing looseness of the men’s bowels, that the filth had begun to drop off the edges of the shelves down into the aisleway. The last time they were on deck, Kunta had noticed a man limping on a badly infected leg. This time the man was kept up on deck when the rest were taken back below. A、few days later, the women told the other prisoners in their singing that the man’s leg had been cut off and that one of the women had been brought to tend him, but that the man had died that night and been thrown over the side. Starting then, when the toubob came to clean the shelves, they also dropped re&hot pieces of metal into pails of strong vinegar. The clouds of acrid steam left the hold smelling better, but soon it would again be overwhelmed by the choking stink. It was a smell that Kunta felt would never leave his lungs and skin. The steady murmuring that went on in the hold whenever the toubob were gone kept growing in volume and intensity as the men began to communicate better and better with one another. Words not understood were whispered from mouth to ear along the shelves until someone who knew more than one tongue would send back their meanings. In the process, all of the men along each shelf learned new words in tongues they had not spoken before. Sometimes men jerked upward, bumping their heads, in the double excitement of communicating with each other and the fact that it was being done without the toubob’s knowledge. Muttering among themselves for hours, the men developed a deepening sense of intrigue and of brotherhooD、Though they were of different villages and tribes, the feeling grew that they were not from different peoples or places. Despite their intense pain and suffering, theBlack men found a small measure of comfort in ______. A、their exercise periods on deck B、the breathtaking ocean scenery C．their conversations with theBlack women D．their conversations with one another |
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| 第9题：The accommodation was cheap, but the food was very ______.
A．high B．costly C．dear D．overpaid |
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| 第10题：When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible 61 of action open to him; he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea 62 , or patent it. A 63 patent is the result of a bargain 64 between an inventor and the state, but the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period 65 . Only the most exceptional circumstances 66 the lifespan of a patent 67 to alter this normal process of events. The longest extension ever 68 was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuit was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no color TV to 69 and thus no hope for reward for the invention. Because a patent remains permanently 70 after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the 71 office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if 72 than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone 73 to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through 74 patents that the one sure way of violation of any other inventor’s fight is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form 75 invalidates further patents on that ideA、It is traditionally 76 to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modem technological advance is 77 on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely 78 in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, 79 makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory for magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate 80 the late 19th and early 20th century.Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear. A、grantedB、grantingC、to grant D、being granted |
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| 第12题：{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these.But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic ofAmericans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism,Christopher Lash says that modern man, "tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for". There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose. Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos.Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth-a vision about a common experience, a conquest that made usAmericans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared ideA、Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness-in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values. |
| 第13题：Both plants and animals of many sorts show remarkable changes in form, structure, growth habits, and even mode of reproduction in becoming adapted to different climatic environment, types of food supply, or mode of living. This divergence in response to evolution is commonly expressed by altering the form and function of some part or parts of the organism, the original identity of which is clearly discernible. For example, the creeping foot of the snail is seen in related marine preemptors to be modified into a flapping organ useful for swimming, and is changed into prehensile arms that bear sartorial disks in the squids and other cephalopods. The limbs of various mammals are modified according to several different modes of life—for swift running (cursorial) as in the horse and antelope, for swinging to several different modes of life—for swinging in trees (arboreal) as in the monkey, for digging ( fossorial ) as in the moles and gophers, for flying (volant) as in the bats, for swimming (aquatic) as in the seals, whales and dolphins, and for other adaptations. The structures or organs that show main change in connection with this adaptive divergence are commonly identified readily as homologous, in spite of great alterations. Thus, the fingers and wrist bones of a bat and whale, for instance, have virtually nothing in common except that they are definitely equivalent elements of the mammalian limB、 The best title for this passage is ______.AdoptiveDivergence B．Evolution C．Unusual Structures D．Changes in Organs |
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| 第14题： Sometimes artists find it hard for their works to win popular ______. A．welcome B．applause C．appetite D．appreciation |
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| 第15题： The Spanish temperament is ______ from that of the Portuguese. A．delicate B．distant C．distinct D．definite |
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| 第16题：{{B}}Passage Fore{{/B}} The cooling off in demand threatens to cascade through the industry: The big four U.S. cell-phone carders--Verizon Wireless,Cingular Wireless,AT&T Wireless, Sprint imperil their timetables for becoming profitable, not to mention their efforts to whittle down their mountains of debt.As the carders have begun to cut costs, wireless- equipment makers--companies such as Lucent, Nokia, andEricsson--have been left with a market that’s bound to be smaller than they had anticipateD、Handset makers have been insulated so far, but they, too, face a nagging uncertainty. They’ll soon introduce advanced phones to the U.S. market that will run on the new networks the carders are starting up over the next year or two.But the question then will be : WillAmericans embrace these snazzy data features--and their higher costs--with the wild enthusiasm thatEuropeans andAsians have Long before the outcome in clear, the industry will have to adopt a new mind-set. "In the old days, it was all about connectivity. " saysAndrewCole, an analyst with wireless consultancyAdventis.Build the network, and customers will come. From now on, the stakes will be higher. The new mantra: Please customers, or you may not survive. To work their way out of this box, the carders are spending huge sums to address the problem. Much of Sprint PCS’s $3.4 billion in capital outlays this year will be for new stations.And in fact, the new high-speed, high-capacity nationwide networks due to roll out later this year should help ease the calling-capacity crunch that has caused many consumer complaints. In the meantime, some companies are using better training and organization to keep customers happy. The nation’s largest rural operator,AlltelAT), recently reorganized its call centers so that a customer’s query goes to the first operator who’s available anywhere in the country, instead of the first one available in the customer’s home areA、That should cut waiting time to one minute from three to five minutes previously. |
| 第17题：It is not forbidden to dream of building a better world, which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do. How to make cities more harmonious, reduce crime rates, improve welfare, overcome racism, increase our wealth—this is the stuff of social sciences. The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical, too ambitious or too unpalatable. The methods of research are also often attacked for their lack of rigor, and critics are quick to point out that the people who make the important decisions pay little attention to what social scientists have to say anyway. This would change if the social sciences made themselves more relevant and ready for the society of the 21st century. Social sciences began to take shape in the 19th century, but came into their own at the beginning of the 20th century, when a number of well-established disciplines, including economics, sociology, political science, history and anthropology really made their mark. Geography and psychology could be added to that list. However, only sociology, political science and economics have succeeded in consolidating their position in the social sciences mainstream. The others were virtually all marginaliseD、Moreover, powerful institutional barriers now separate the various disciplines. Hardly the right atmosphere in which to grow and deal with the harsh criticism which the social sciences have come in for from many quarters, including governments and international commissions. Radical measures are now being suggested to turn things round, from how to award university chairs, to setting syllabi and raising funds. The need for decompartmentalising and striking a new order in the relationship between the disciplines concerns all of the social sciences, though perhaps economics most of all, Only it has acquired a dominant position in management and public affairs. Some would My it has fallen under the sway of "unitary thinking", with little room for debate, for example, on the question of debt reduction or monetary tightness. Moreover, many people do not believe that economic science forms part of social sciences at all. This is a somewhat problematic position to uphold, particularly as economic developments are largely determined by political, social and cultural factors. Yet, economists often have difficulty understanding or taking such factors into account. This has left economics exposed to attack, for example, over its prescriptions for development and its analysis of events, such as the causes of theAsian crisis. To many, economics relies too heavily on hypothetical and sometimes unrealistic assumptions. Can social sciences bounce back and assert themselves in the 21st century We will probably not be able to tell for a few decades, since the ways in which societies analyse themselves develop very slowly.After all, the social sciences are rarely given to sudden discoveries and headline breakthroughs like some other sciences. What is more, social sciences may continue to face the stout resistance of established institutions defending their own territory and opposing innovation and change.Could it be that society, which by definition seeks stability, has an in- built resistance towards indulging in any form of self-analysis Few people have an appetite for hard truth.But perhaps in the information age and in the dematerialised economy of the knowledge world, all that could change. Perhaps society will discover a pressing need to know itself much better, if only to survive. Social sciences will then have a different status. The expression "came into their own" meansA．took ascendancy over other disciplines. B．became important in their own right. C．developed their own particular set of problems. D．developed from other disciplines but branched out. |
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| 第18题：Mixing populism and celebrity,Clinton dances into office with a week-long multimillion- dollar party full of stars, saxophone music and presidential hugs. The Party was held in a way never seen since World War II. Many movie and music stars showed up, offering their wishes to a new administration. They sang songs like "You know,Bill’s gonna get thisCountry straight." "’ 93! You and me! Uni-tee! /Time to partee withBigBill and Hillaree." The stars came out in constellation because they recognized inClinton one of their own. Not just that, he plays the saxophone, a little. Or that Hillary is a smart, tough lawyer, like most Hollywood moguls. What matters is thatClinton is a beacon of middle-class charm, a lover of being loved, a believer in the importance of image, metaphor, style.And he is an ace manipulator of media, selling his symbols directly to the people on TV, without the interference of nosy journalists. It all makes for a wondrous ’90s blend of show biz and politics: "This is our time,"Clinton said in his InauguralAddress. "Let us embrace it." Last week he had an embrace for everyone, and not just the stars. This huggy-bear President needs to feel the public’s approval. At one of the balls of the week,Clinton was like the college student who drops in the night before the exam to show he’s one of the guys, then sneaks back to his dorm to cram. Perhaps there is as much Nixon in him (the ambition, the intellect) as Kennedy (the charm, the recklessness, his position as centrist custodian of liberal dreams). He will need to be the best of both men if he is to close, as he said last week, "the gap between our words and our deeds." During the gala, actorEdward James Olmos quoted Lincoln: "We must disenthrall ourselves, and then we shall save our country."Clinton, a good student with a good memory, mouthed the words as Olmos spoke them.Clinton must have realized that, in a different sense and different era,America faces the task of disenthralling itself, of shaking off the Hollywood Stardust and facing facts. In 1992Clinton vended optimism; now he must be careful in saying so. He sold the nation a miracle product,ALL-NEW HOPE、it gives you cleaner, cheaper government with a fresh minty flavor.But if it doesn’t get the stains out, the electorate’s high hopes could sour into despair. Then the man called Hope will become the man called Hype.All the big stars and better angels will leave him out in the spotlight, stranded, unmaskeD、 By saying "Bill’s gonna get thisCountry straight", the party attendants believe that ______.A．Money bills are important in getting things done for the United States B．The president has got to do a wonderful job to saveAmerica Clinton will change the United States to a free country D．Clinton is going to solve the problems of the United States |
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| 第19题：Direct advertising includes all forms of sales appeals, mailed, delivered, or exhibited directly to the prospective buyer of an advertised product or service, without use of any indirect medium, such as newspapers or television.Direct advertising logically may be divided into three broad classifications, namely, direct-mail advertising, mail order advertising, and unmailed direct advertising. All forms of sales appeals that are sent through the mails are considered direct-mall advertising. The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the products local distributors. The direct-mall appeal is designed also to support the sales activities of retailers by encouraging the continued patronage of both old and new customers. When no personal selling is involved, other methods are needed to persuade people to send in orders by mail. In addition to newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, other special devices, order promotions are designed to accomplish a complete selling job without salespeople. Used for the same broad purposes as direct-mail advertising, unrolled direct-mail advertising, includes all forms of indoor advertising displays and all printed sales appeals distributed from door to door, handed to customers in retail stores or conveyed in some other manner directly to the recipient. With each medium competing keenly for its share of the business, advertising agencies continue to develop new techniques for displaying and selling wares and services.Among these techniques have been vastly improved printing and reproduction methods in the graphic field, adapted to magazine advertisements and to direct-mail enclosures; the use of color in newspaper advertisements and in television; and outdoor signboards more attractively designed and efficiently lighteD、Many subtly effective improvements are suggested by advertising research. From the last paragraph we learn ______. A、direct advertising is the best way to promote a product B、companies are trying to find the best way to sell their products C、advertising is becoming enriched by the research in this area D、old ways of advertising is giving ways to new ways of doing it |
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| 第20题： 1 When, in the age of automation, man searches for a worker to do the tedious, un pleasant jobs that are impossible to mechanize, he may very profitably consider the ape. If we tackled the problem of breeding for brains with as much as enthusiasm as we de vote to breeding dogs of surrealistic shapes, we could eventually produce assorted models of useful primates, ranging in size from the gorilla down to the baboon, each adapted to a special kind of work. It is not putting too much strain on the imagination to assume that ge neticists could produce a super-ape, able to understand some scores of words, and capable of being trained for such jobs as picking fruit, cleaning up the litter in parks, shining shoes, collecting garbage, doing household chores, and even baby-sitting though I have known some babies I would not care to trust with a valuable ape). Apes could do many jobs, such as cleaning streets and the more repetitive types of ag ricultural work, without supervision, though they might need protection from those ex ceptional specimens of Homo sapiens who think it amusing to tease or bully anything they consider lower on the evolutionary ladder. For other tasks, such as delivering papers and laboring on the docks, our man-ape would have to work under human overseers; and, in cidentally, I would love to see the finale of the twenty-first century version of the Water front in which the honest but hairy hero will drum on his chest after--literally taking the wicked labor leader apart. Once a supply of nonhuman workers becomes available, a whole range of low IQ jobs could be thankfully relinquished by mankind, to its great mental and physical advan tage. What is more, one of the problems which has plagued so many fictional Utopias would be avoideD、There would be none of the deridingly subhumanEpsilons of Huxley’sBrave New World to act as a permanent reproach to society, for there is a profound moral difference between breeding sub-men and super-apes, though the end products are much the same. The first would introduce a form of slavery, the second would be a biological tri umph which could benefit both men and animals. The author of this article is______.A．revealing his low opinion of mankind B．poking fun at geneticists C．expressing his doubts about the possibility of breeding a super-ape D．presenting a reasonable theory in a humorous tone |
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