【单选题】
【单选题】If Sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills,American firms have a problem. Human management is not traditionally seen as a central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. SkillAcquisition is considered as individual responsibility. Labor is simply another force of production to be hired/rented at the lowest possible cost, which is a must as one buys raw material or equipment.
The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporate pecking order. In anAmerican firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in commanD、The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up toChiefExecutive Officer.By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after theCEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.
WhileAmerican firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work force, in fact, they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional or managerial employees.And the limited investments that made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. IfAmerican workers, for example take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at the speed with which new equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employeD、The result is a slower pace of technological change.And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
Why is there a slow pace of technological change inAmerican firms
A、New equipment is more expensive inAmeric
A、
B、American firms don’t pay enough attention to on-the-job training of their workers.
C、 he decision making process inAmerican fa’ms makes them less responsive to technological changes.
D、The professional staff ofAmerican firms are less paid and so less creative.
The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporate pecking order. In anAmerican firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in commanD、The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up toChiefExecutive Officer.By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after theCEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.
WhileAmerican firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work force, in fact, they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional or managerial employees.And the limited investments that made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. IfAmerican workers, for example take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at the speed with which new equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employeD、The result is a slower pace of technological change.And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
Why is there a slow pace of technological change inAmerican firms
A、New equipment is more expensive inAmeric
A、
B、American firms don’t pay enough attention to on-the-job training of their workers.
C、 he decision making process inAmerican fa’ms makes them less responsive to technological changes.
D、The professional staff ofAmerican firms are less paid and so less creative.
【单选题】 According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high, ______.
A．the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skin
B．the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnel
C．the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited period
D．a Robogat is stationed at each end
A．the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skin
B．the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnel
C．the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited period
D．a Robogat is stationed at each end
【单选题】 For nearly 50 years, Spook has been a ______ author writing 13' books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.
A．prevalent
B．stand up to
C．prospective
D．prolific
A．prevalent
B．stand up to
C．prospective
D．prolific
【单选题】What do the extraordinarily successful companies have in common To find out, we looked for operations. We know that correlations are not always reliable; nevertheless, in the 27 survivors, our group saw four shared personality traits that could explain their longevity (长寿).
Conservatism in financing. The companies did not risk their capital gratuitously (无缘无故地). They understood the meaning of money in an old-fashioned way; they knew the usefulness of spare cash in the kitty. Money in hand allowed them to snap up (抓住) options when their competitors could not. They did not have to convince third-party financiers of the attractiveness of opportunities they wanted to pursue. Money in the kitty allowed them to govern their growth and evolution.
Sensitivity to the world around them. Whether they had built their fortunes on knowledge or on natural resources, the living companies in our study were able to adapt themselves to changes in the world around them.As wars, depressions, technologies, and politics surged and ebbed (潮起潮落), they always seemed to excel at keeping their feelers out, staying attuned to whatever was going on. For information, they sometimes relied on packets carried over vast distances by portage and ship, yet they managed to react in a timely fashion to whatever news they receiveD、They were good at learning and adapting.
Awareness of their identity. No matter how broadly diversified the companies were, their employees all felt like parts of a whole. LordCole, chairman of Unilever in the 1960s, for example, saw the company as a fleet of ships.Each ship was independent, but the whole fleet was greater than the sum of its parts. The feeling of belonging to an organization and identifying with its achievements is often dismissed softly, but case histories repeatedly show that a sense of community is essential for long-term survival. Managers in the living companies we studied were chosen mostly from within, and all considered themselves to be stewards of a longstanding enterprise. Their top priority was keeping the institution at least as healthy as it had been when they took over.
Tolerance of new ideas. The long-lived companies in our study tolerated activities in the margin: experiments and eccentricities that stretched their understanding. They recognized that new businesses may be entirely unrelated to existing businesses and that the act of starting a business need to be centrally controlleD、W. R. Grace, from its very beginning, encouraged autonomous experimentation. The company was founded in 1854 by an Irish immigrant in Peru and traded in guano, a natural fertilizer, before it moved into sugar and tin.Eventually, the company established PanAmericanAirways. Today it is primarily a chemical company, although it is also the leading provider of kidney dialysis (透析) services in the United States.
By definition, a company that survives for more than a century exists in a world it cannot hope to control. Multinational companies are similar to the long-surviving companies of our study in that way. The world of a multinational is very large and stretches across many cultures. That world is inherently less stable and more difficult to influence than a confined national habitat. Multinationals must be willing to change in order to succeeD、
These four traits form the essential character of companies that have functioned successfully for hundreds of years. Given this basic personality, what priorities do the managers of living companies set for themselves and their employees
Awareness of their identity means ______.A．knowing who they are in a community
B．knowing what role they should play in society
C．knowing that they are connected with the fortune of their company
D．knowing which positions they belong to
Conservatism in financing. The companies did not risk their capital gratuitously (无缘无故地). They understood the meaning of money in an old-fashioned way; they knew the usefulness of spare cash in the kitty. Money in hand allowed them to snap up (抓住) options when their competitors could not. They did not have to convince third-party financiers of the attractiveness of opportunities they wanted to pursue. Money in the kitty allowed them to govern their growth and evolution.
Sensitivity to the world around them. Whether they had built their fortunes on knowledge or on natural resources, the living companies in our study were able to adapt themselves to changes in the world around them.As wars, depressions, technologies, and politics surged and ebbed (潮起潮落), they always seemed to excel at keeping their feelers out, staying attuned to whatever was going on. For information, they sometimes relied on packets carried over vast distances by portage and ship, yet they managed to react in a timely fashion to whatever news they receiveD、They were good at learning and adapting.
Awareness of their identity. No matter how broadly diversified the companies were, their employees all felt like parts of a whole. LordCole, chairman of Unilever in the 1960s, for example, saw the company as a fleet of ships.Each ship was independent, but the whole fleet was greater than the sum of its parts. The feeling of belonging to an organization and identifying with its achievements is often dismissed softly, but case histories repeatedly show that a sense of community is essential for long-term survival. Managers in the living companies we studied were chosen mostly from within, and all considered themselves to be stewards of a longstanding enterprise. Their top priority was keeping the institution at least as healthy as it had been when they took over.
Tolerance of new ideas. The long-lived companies in our study tolerated activities in the margin: experiments and eccentricities that stretched their understanding. They recognized that new businesses may be entirely unrelated to existing businesses and that the act of starting a business need to be centrally controlleD、W. R. Grace, from its very beginning, encouraged autonomous experimentation. The company was founded in 1854 by an Irish immigrant in Peru and traded in guano, a natural fertilizer, before it moved into sugar and tin.Eventually, the company established PanAmericanAirways. Today it is primarily a chemical company, although it is also the leading provider of kidney dialysis (透析) services in the United States.
By definition, a company that survives for more than a century exists in a world it cannot hope to control. Multinational companies are similar to the long-surviving companies of our study in that way. The world of a multinational is very large and stretches across many cultures. That world is inherently less stable and more difficult to influence than a confined national habitat. Multinationals must be willing to change in order to succeeD、
These four traits form the essential character of companies that have functioned successfully for hundreds of years. Given this basic personality, what priorities do the managers of living companies set for themselves and their employees
Awareness of their identity means ______.A．knowing who they are in a community
B．knowing what role they should play in society
C．knowing that they are connected with the fortune of their company
D．knowing which positions they belong to
【单选题】In little religious sects, accordingly, the morals of the common people have been almost always remarkably regular and orderly; generally much more so than in the established church. The morals of those little sects, indeed, have frequently been rather disagreeably rigorous and unsocial. There are two very easy and effectual remedies, however, by whose joint operation the state might, without violence, correct whatever was unsocial or disagreeably rigorous in the morals of all the little sects into which the country was divideD、
The flint of those remedies is the study of science and philosophy, which the state might render almost universal among all people of middling or more than middling rank and fortune; not by giving salaries to teachers in order to make them negligent and idle, but by instituting some sort of probation, even in the higher and more difficult sciences, to be undergone by every person before he was permitted to exercise any liberal profession, or before he could be received as a candidate for any honourable office of trust or profit. If the state imposed upon this order of men the necessity of learning, it would have no occasion to give itself any trouble about providing them with proper teachers. They would soon find better teachers for themselves than any whom the state could provide for them. Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition; and where all the superior ranks of people were secured from it, the inferior ranks could not be much exposed to it.
The second of those remedies is the frequency and gaiety of public diversions. The state, by encouraging, that is by giving entire liberty to all those who for their own interest would attempt without scandal or indecency, to amuse and divert the people by painting, poetry, music, dancing, by all sorts of dramatic representations and exhibitions, would easily dissipate, in the greater part of them, that melancholy and gloomy humour which is almost always the nurse of popular superstition and enthusiasm. Public diversions have always been the objects of dread and hatred to all the fanatical promoters of those popular frenzies. The gaiety and good humour which those diversions inspire were altogether inconsistent with that temper of mind which was fittest for their purpose, or which they could best work upon.Dramatic representations, besides, frequently exposing their artifices to public ridicule, and sometimes even to public execration, were upon that account, more than all other diversions, the objects of their peculiar abhorrence.
In a country where the law favoured the teachers of no one religion more than those of another, it would not be necessary that any of them should have any particular or immediate dependency upon the sovereign or executive power; or that he should have anything to do either in appointing or in dismissing them from their offices. In such a situation he would have no occasion to give himself any concern about them, further than to keep the peace among them in the same manner as among the rest of his subjects; that is, to hinder them from persecuting, abusing, or oppressing one another.But it is quite otherwise in countries where there is an established or governing religion. The sovereign can in this case never be secure unless he has the means of influencing in a considerable degree the greater part of the teachers of that religion.
Those who spread superstition did not welcome public diversions because ______.
A、what they intended to do was frustrated
B、they were melancholy and gloomy
C、the people they tried to influence were not humorists
D、they could not enjoy any kinds of the diversions
The flint of those remedies is the study of science and philosophy, which the state might render almost universal among all people of middling or more than middling rank and fortune; not by giving salaries to teachers in order to make them negligent and idle, but by instituting some sort of probation, even in the higher and more difficult sciences, to be undergone by every person before he was permitted to exercise any liberal profession, or before he could be received as a candidate for any honourable office of trust or profit. If the state imposed upon this order of men the necessity of learning, it would have no occasion to give itself any trouble about providing them with proper teachers. They would soon find better teachers for themselves than any whom the state could provide for them. Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition; and where all the superior ranks of people were secured from it, the inferior ranks could not be much exposed to it.
The second of those remedies is the frequency and gaiety of public diversions. The state, by encouraging, that is by giving entire liberty to all those who for their own interest would attempt without scandal or indecency, to amuse and divert the people by painting, poetry, music, dancing, by all sorts of dramatic representations and exhibitions, would easily dissipate, in the greater part of them, that melancholy and gloomy humour which is almost always the nurse of popular superstition and enthusiasm. Public diversions have always been the objects of dread and hatred to all the fanatical promoters of those popular frenzies. The gaiety and good humour which those diversions inspire were altogether inconsistent with that temper of mind which was fittest for their purpose, or which they could best work upon.Dramatic representations, besides, frequently exposing their artifices to public ridicule, and sometimes even to public execration, were upon that account, more than all other diversions, the objects of their peculiar abhorrence.
In a country where the law favoured the teachers of no one religion more than those of another, it would not be necessary that any of them should have any particular or immediate dependency upon the sovereign or executive power; or that he should have anything to do either in appointing or in dismissing them from their offices. In such a situation he would have no occasion to give himself any concern about them, further than to keep the peace among them in the same manner as among the rest of his subjects; that is, to hinder them from persecuting, abusing, or oppressing one another.But it is quite otherwise in countries where there is an established or governing religion. The sovereign can in this case never be secure unless he has the means of influencing in a considerable degree the greater part of the teachers of that religion.
Those who spread superstition did not welcome public diversions because ______.
A、what they intended to do was frustrated
B、they were melancholy and gloomy
C、the people they tried to influence were not humorists
D、they could not enjoy any kinds of the diversions
【单选题】Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year ______ than automobile accidents.
A．seven more times
B．seven times more
C．over seven times
D．seven times
A．seven more times
B．seven times more
C．over seven times
D．seven times
【单选题】 When he realized he had been ______ to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.
A．elicited
B．excited
C．deduced
D．induced
A．elicited
B．excited
C．deduced
D．induced
【单选题】 The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing's budget-cutting move might ______ its preparation for the games.
A．degrade
B．deliberate
C．deploy
D．defend
A．degrade
B．deliberate
C．deploy
D．defend
【单选题】 Europe as a ______ unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.
A．incidental
B．apparent
C．cohesive
D．descendent
A．incidental
B．apparent
C．cohesive
D．descendent
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