考研每日一练（2015-10-30）

第1题：20世纪30年代心理学家（ ）提出，儿童道德判断是从他律到自律的发展过程。 A.皮亚杰  B.斯金纳  C.埃森克  D.柯尔伯格

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第2题：As the American West enters its fifth year of drought—the longest stretch in 108 years—the region’s cities are instituting sweeping water-usage restrictions and conservation programs. In Aurora, Colo., where the reservoir system is at just 26% capacity and is expected to reach only half of normal levels by summer, planting new trees and shrubs is prohibited, and privately owned pools may not be filled.  In the thirsty, growing cities of Southern California, however, simple conservation simply won’t do the trick. This region imports more than 80% of its water from neighboring states. And even though it jealously guards those arrangements, they won’t be enough to compensate for the rapid growth that lies just ahead: San Diego County’s population alone is projected to rise about 29% by 2020, from 2.84 million to 3.67 million. Drastic times call for drastic measures, so state water agencies are turning to desalination, a technology that makes ocean and brackish water drinkable by stripping it of salt and other minerals. California has plans in various stages to build 13 desalination plants along its coastline. The projects will cost billions, but planners say they’ll provide a far more reliable supply for California residents than waiting for Mother Nature to adjust her weather patterns. Since just 3% of water on earth is fresh, this is a step that would have to be taken anyway as the global population grows. “Desalination will create a drought-proof supply of water,” says Bob Yamada, the San Diego Water Authority’s seawater-desalination program manager. He adds that 20 years from now, 10% to 20% of the state’s water could come from the ocean. The American Water Works Assn., a Denverbased nonprofit dedicated to improving drinkingwater quality and supply, predicts that the market for desalination plants and equipment, now just $2 billion, will grow to more than $70 billion over the next two decades. Environmentalists embrace desalination. Studies show that pumping the cooling water and concentrate back into the ocean raises its salinity by less than 1%, which is equivalent to the natural rise and fall. Barry Nelson, a senior policy analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council, says he became a proponent of desalination when a June, 1999, California report demonstrated that it was cheaper than building new dams, which often have a huge environmental impact. Nelson still worries about energy consumption and coastal disruption. But he adds that “desalination is no longer on the lunatic fringe. It has entered the mainstream. That means we look at desalt projects on a case-by-case basis, as we would any other legitimate water policy.” As the technology continues to improve, experts say it’ll fast become a solution not only for municipalities but for hotels and resorts, corporations, and, someday, homeowners. Privately held water-treatment outfit Matrix Water, based in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., is installing a desalination plant that will process 800,000 gallons of water per day for the new Emerald Bay Four Seasons Resort in the Bahamas. And the new U.S. Homeland Security Dept. is investigating ways of using reverse osmosis to protect the nation’s water supply from bioterrorism. 31. Water conservation programs alone wont solve the problem in Southern California because . A. it is confronting an unprecedented drought in 108 years B. private citizens are consuming a lot more water than before C. it imports a large proportion of its water from other states D. population in the cities of this area is always growing fast 32. The third paragraph is written to .  A. discuss the cause of the decline of water supply B. introduce a solution to the issue of water shortage C. explain the way in which desalination develops D. exemplify the different ways to solve the problem 33. Barry Nelson became a supporter of desalination owing to its . A. universal support among environmentalists  B. contribution to natural resources  C. low cost and little damage to environment D. advantage to natural defense 34. Nelson’s attitude towards desalination programs can best be described as one of .  A. qualified approval B. unreserved support C. slight indifference D. absolute pessimism 35. The expression “reverse osmosis” most probably refers to . A. costal disruption B. technology C. antiterrorism policies D. desalination

【分析题】：

第3题：教育的心理起源说的代表人物是美国教育史学家（ ） A.勒图尔诺  B.沛西•能  C.孟禄  D.达尔文

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第4题：在西方教育史上，第一次论述了身心和谐发展教育问题的学者是（ ） A.智者派  B.苏格拉底  C.柏拉图  D.亚里士多德

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第5题：简述德日建立法西斯专政的异同。

【分析题】：

第6题：根据（ ），课程可被划分为国家课程、地方课程和学校课程 A.学生对课程选择的自由度  B.课程的存在形式 C.课程的组织核心  D.课程管理制度

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第7题： 下列是关于价值创造与价值分配的材料： 材料1 “处于流动状态的人类劳动力或人类劳动形成价值，但本身不是价值。它在凝固的状态中，在物化的形式上才成为价值。” 摘自《马克思恩格斯全集》第23 卷第65页 “劳动不是一切财富的源泉。自然界同劳动一样也是使用价值(而物质财富本来就是由使用价值构成的！)的源泉。” 摘自《马克思恩格斯返?3 卷第 65页 “活劳动必须抓住这些东西(铁、木、纱)，使它们由死复活，使它们从仅仅是可能的使用价值变成功十二套—2—4为现实的和起作用的使用价值。它们被劳动的火焰笼罩着，被当作劳动自己的躯体，被赋予活力以在劳动过程中执行与它们的概念和职务相适合的职能。” 摘自《马克思恩格斯全集》第23 卷第207—208页 材料2 “生产成果的分配，不过是生产要素本身分配的结果”。 “长期以来，我国在理论和实践上一直排斥按生产要素分配。由此造成的后果首先是使资金、土地、设备等生产条件由个别企业无偿占有和使用，闲置或低效使用的生产要素得不到合理流动，造成社会资源的巨大浪费。” 摘自《学术月刊》2001年第3期 “马克思的劳动价值论科学揭示的是商品价值的源泉，即人的劳动是商品价值的惟一源泉；而按生产要素分配是一种分配方式，指的是人们创造出来的价值是按照个人投入的生产要素来进行分配的。” “人类社会采取何种分配方式是生产资料所有制的性质和结构决定的，它们从来不取决于价值是如何创造的。” 摘自《思想理论教育导刊》2001年第4期 材料3 “法国的让•萨伊用使用价值或财富的生产过程代替价值的创造过程，得出价值是劳动、资本、土地三种生产要素共同创造的，因而劳动创造的收入是工资，资本创造的收入是利润，土地创造的收入是地租。” 摘自《思想理论教育导刊》2001年第4期 请回答： (1)结合材料1，分析土地、设备、原材料等生产要素在商品生产中的作用与劳动创造价值的关系。 (2)结合材料2，说明我国社会主义初级阶段按劳分配与按生产要素分配相结合的个人消费品分配制度的依据。 (3)结合材料1，2，3，批判让•萨伊的“三位一体公式”。

【分析题】：

第8题：道尔顿制是一种个别教学制度，其创立者是（ ） A.约翰逊  B.沃特  C.帕克  D.帕克赫斯特

【单选题】： A     B     C     D

第9题：材料一：各缔约国主力舰替换总吨位按照标准排水量计算不得超过如下：合众国525000吨；英帝国525000吨；法国175000吨；意大利175000；日本315000吨。 ——选自《现代史参考资料》，王斯德主编 材料二：条约还规定：美、英、日三国在太平洋岛屿和领地要维持现状；美国不得在菲律宾、关岛、萨摩亚和阿溜申群岛，英国不得在香港及太平洋以东的岛屿修筑海军基地和新的要塞，日本则主要承诺不在台湾设防。 ——选自《世界史》现代卷上，吴于廛。齐世荣主编 根据材料回答 （1）上述两则史料均出自同一国际条约，指出这是在哪次国际会议上签订的什么条约？并简述召开这次国际会议的时代背景。 （2）材料一的条款有利于那个国家？简要分析原因。 （3）材料二的条款比较有利于哪个国家？简要分析原因。

【分析题】：

第10题：我国的教育心理学最初是从西方引进的，第一本《教育心理学》教科书是1924年出版的，它的作者是（ ） A.廖世承  B.蔡元培  C.陈鹤琴  D.朱智贤

【单选题】： A     B     C     D