考研考研英语易错题（2015-11-24）

考研习题练习

考研考研英语易错题（2015-11-24）

第6题：Text 2

SoBig.F was the more visible of the two recent waves of infection because it propagated itself by e-mail, meaning that victims noticed what was going on. SoBig.F was so effective that it caused substantial disruption even to those protected by anti-virus software. That was because so many copies of the virus spread (some 500,000 computers were infected) that many machines were overwhelmed by messages from their own anti-virus software. On top of that, one common counter-measure backfired, increasing traffic still further. Anti-virus software often bounces a warning back to the sender of an infected e-mail, saying that the e-mail in question cannot be delivered because it contains a virus. SoBig.F was able to spoof this system by “harvesting” e-mail addresses from the hard disks of infected computers. Some of these addresses were then sent infected e-mails that had been doctored to look as though they had come from other harvested addresses. The latter were thus sent warnings, even though their machines may not have been infected.

Kevin Haley of Symantec, a firm that makes anti-virus software, thinks that one reason SoBig.F was so much more effective than other viruses that work this way is because it was better at searching hard-drives for addresses. Brian King, of CERT, an internet-security centre at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, notes that, unlike its precursors, SoBig.F was capable of “multi-threading”: it could send multiple e-mails simultaneously, allowing it to dispatch thousands in minutes.

Blaster worked by creating a “buffer overrun in the remote procedure call”. In English, that means it attacked a piece of software used by Microsoft's Windows operating system to allow one computer to control another. It did so by causing that software to use too much memory.
Most worms work by exploiting weaknesses in an operating system, but whoever wrote Blaster had a particularly refined sense of humour, since the website under attack was the one from which users could obtain a program to fix the very weakness in Windows that the worm itself was exploiting.

One way to deal with a wicked worm like Blaster is to design a fairy godmother worm that goes around repairing vulnerable machines automatically. In the case of Blaster someone seems to have tried exactly that with a program called Welchi. However, according to Mr Haley, Welchi has caused almost as many problems as Blaster itself, by overwhelming networks with “pings”—signals that checked for the presence of other computers.

Though both of these programs fell short of the apparent objectives of their authors, they still caused damage. For instance, they forced the shutdown of a number of computer networks, including the one used by the New York Times newsroom, and the one organising trains operated by CSX, a freight company on America's east coast.

Computer scientists expect that it is only a matter of time before a truly devastating virus is unleashed.

26. SoBig.F damaged computer programs mainly by ____.
[A] sending them an overpowering number of messages
[B] harvesting the addresses stored in the computers
[C] infecting the computers with an invisible virus
[D] destroying the anti-virus software of the computers
27. Which of the following best defines the word “ doctored” (line , para. 1) ?
[A] falsified [B] cured
[C] deceived [D] diagnosed
28. Compared with SoBig.F, Blaster was a virus that was _____.
[A] more destructive
[B] more humorous
[C] less vulnerable
[D] less noticeable
29. From the text we learn that Welchi ____.
[A] is a wicked worm causing as many damages as Blaster did
[B] is a program designed by Haley to detect worms like Blaster
[C] is a program intended to fix the infected machines
[D] is a worm meant to defeat the virus with “ pings”
30. The tone of the text can best described as _____.
[A] optimistic and humorous
[B] analytical but concerned
[C] passionate but pessimistic
[D] scholarly and cautious

【分析题】：

第7题：In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

A young man left hometown 22 years ago, and turned out to be a poor correspondent. After a while his letters dried up, and for six years the family had hear nothing from him. Then his sister entered his name in the Google search engine on the Web and, as she says, “There he was on a bowling league in Brazil!” Now they’re exchanging catchup letters and photos.

Who knew Brazilian bowling leagues had Web sites? Google knew, because Google knows everything, or nearly.
41) .

Google started in 1998, when two 26-year-olds, Sergei Brin and Larry Page, set up shop in a tiny office. Today they operate out of a building in Mountain View, Calif., and regional offices all over the world. Google has become the best and most successful search engine.

If you need a map of a region, Google will oblige. If you rip the rotator cuff in your shoulder, Google finds drawings that show you how it works. 42) .

An epidemiologist or social psychologist studying reactions to a phenomenon like the West Nile virus might well come here often, to learn what people are saying about it.

43) . A story gets on if enough newspapers run it and give it prominence. Every minute, the computers update the page and compile related stories while dropping others. No human editors decide what’s to be emphasized. It sounds ridiculous, but it’s not bad at all.

However Google is boastful. It can’t keep itself from telling you how inconceivably fast it is. Ask it for information on Chinese archaeology and it compiles 29,400 links, adding: “search took 0-14 seconds.”

44) . It needs help distinguishing between Francis Bacon, the 20th-century painter, and Francis Bacon, the 17th-century philosopher. Sometimes Google looks a little foolish.

45) . A woman wrote to Randy Cohen, the New York Times ethicist, about a friend who had gone out with a doctor and then Googled him when she got home, discovering that he had been involved in several malpractice suits. Cohen was asked whether this was a decent thing to do. He said it was and that he had done it himself. The woman’s Googling, Gohen said, was benign, just like asking her friends about this fellow.

【分析题】：

第8题： The U.S. may so far have enjoyed good luck in escaping a direct SARS hit, but officials aren’t leaving anything to chance. The best hope for averting a SARS epidemic at home will be to keep SARS out at the nation’s borders.
Federal immigration laws authorize immigration authorities to exclude non-citizens who are determined to have a “communicable disease of public health significance”. Immigration law also authorizes the President by proclamation to suspend the entry of any group of aliens whose entry he deems to be detrimental to the interests of the United States. This little-used power could be deployed to exclude all aliens from affected areas, a policy Taiwan has recently implemented.

Under the Public Health Service Act, any individual (citizens included) may be quarantined at an international port of entry if they are reasonably believed to be carrying a designated communicable disease. As of an April 4 Executive Order by President Bush, SARS is now a designated disease.

Thus, in tandem with airline screening, federal health authorities are carefully monitoring travelers from affected areas in Asia for SARS symptoms. With an estimated 25,000 individuals entering the country legally from Asia on a daily basis, that is a tall order. A single SARS- infected person getting through the net could bring down the border strategy.
The U.S. government might also frontend the border strategy through restrictions on travel by American citizens to affected areas. In a series of Cold War era decisions, the Supreme Court upheld international travel restrictions for national security reasons, and one can imagine the same rationale applying to a public health emergency. How practical it would be to prohibit—and police—a travel ban to countries such as China is another question.

The initial SARS defense, then, hinges on effective border control. But U.S. borders are far from under control. There are an estimated 8～9 million undocumented aliens now in the United States, a figure growing by as many as 500,000 per year. Asia is the largest contributor to undocumented immigration outside the western hemisphere, funneling illegal aliens into the United States through elaborate smuggling networks. SARS could just as easily make serious inroads into the U.S. through this backdoor rather than the front.
26. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .
A. American officials dont see any chance of escaping an immediate SARS hit
B. noncitizens with a disease will be quarantined at the international airport
C. foreigners with a communicable disease may legally be denied entry into the U.S.
D. immigration officers are empowered to keep aliens out of the U.S.

27. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
A. The President rarely declares a rejection of noncitizens from infected areas.
B. The U.S. is the only lucky country to have kept safe from a SARS attack.
C. The interests of the U.S. are given more legal protection than public health.
D. The Public Health Service Act has been brought into effect since April 4.

28. The phrase “a tall order” most probably means .
A. an ambitious plan B. a difficult task
C. a careful arrangement D. an illegal decision

29. The author would probably agree that .
A. a SARS hit could be escaped by means of strict monitoring of international travel
B. undocumented immigrants poses a serious threat to national security of U.S.
C. illegal aliens come into the U.S. with the help of complicated smuggling networks
D. American border strategy may fail to attain its goal of avoiding a SARS epidemic

30. The passage is primarily concerned with .
A. the threat of SARS to the national security of U.S.
B. the U.S. border strategy against SARS
C. the problems in U.S. national security
D. the crisis of a public health emergency

【分析题】：

第9题：
For all his vaunted talents, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has never had much of a reputation as an economic forecaster. In fact, he shies away from making the precise-to-the-decimal-point predictions that many other economists thrive on. Instead, he owes his success as a monetary policymaker to his ability to sniff out threats to the economy and manipulate interest rates to dampen the dangers he perceives.

Now, those instincts are being put to the test. Many Fed watchers—and some policymakers inside the central bank itself—are beginning to wonder whether Greenspan has lost his touch. Despite rising risks to the economy from a swooning stock market and soaring oil prices that could hamper growth, the Greenspan-led Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) opted to leave interest rates unchanged on Sept.24. But in a rare dissent, two of the Fed’s 12 policymakers broke ranks and voted for a cut in rates—Dallas Fed President Robert D. McTeer Jr. and central bank Governor Edward M.Gramlich.

The move by McTeer, the Fed’s self-styled “Lonesome Dove”, was no surprise. But Gramlich’s was. This was the first time that the monetary moderate had voted against the chairman since joining the Fed’s board in 1997. And it was the first public dissent by a governor since 1995.

Despite the split vote, it’s too soon to count the maestro of monetary policy out. Greenspan had good reasons for not cutting interest rates now. And by acknowledging in the statement issued after the meeting that the economy does indeed face risks, Greenspan left the door wide open to a rate reduction in the future. Indeed, former Fed Governor Lyle Gramley thinks chances are good that the central bank might even cut rates before its next scheduled meeting on Nov.6, the day after congressional elections.

So why didn’t the traditionally risk-averse Greenspan cut rates now as insurance against the dangers dogging growth? For one thing, he still thinks the economy is in recovery mode. Consumer demand remains buoyant and has even been turbocharged recently by a new wave of mortgage refinancing. Economists reckon that homeowners will extract some $100 billion in cash from their houses in the second half of this year. And despite all the corporate gloom, business spending has shown signs of picking up, though not anywhere near as strongly as the Fed would like.

Does that mean that further rate cuts are off the table? Hardly. Watch for Greenspan to try to time any rate reductions to when they’ll have the most psychological pop on business and investor confidence. That’s surely no easy feat, but it’s one that Greenspan has shown himself capable of more than once in the past. Don’t be surprised if he surprises everyone again.
21. Alan Greenspan owes his reputation much to .
A. his successful predictions of economy
B. his timely handling of interest rates
C. his unusual economic policies
D. his unique sense of dangers

22. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. instincts most often misguide the monetary policies
B. Greenspan has lost his control of the central bank
C. consensus is often the case among Fed’s policymakers
D. Greenspan wouldnt tolerate such a dissent

23. Gramley’s remarks are mentioned to indicate that .
A. Greenspan didnt rule out the possibility of a future rate reduction
B. Greenspan’s monetary policy may turn out to be a failure
C. Greenspan’s refusal to cut rates now was justified
D. Greenspan will definitely cut the rates before Nov.6

24. From the fifth paragraph, we can learn that .
A. economy is now well on its way to recovery
B. economists are uncertain about consumer demand
C. corporate performance is generally not encouraging
D. businesses have been investing the way the Fed hoped

25. The author seems to regard Greenspan’s manipulation of interest rates with .
A. disapproval B. doubt C. approval D. admiration

【分析题】：

第10题：Text 4

Perhaps only a small boy training to be a wizard at the Hogwarts school of magic could cast a spell so powerful as to create the biggest book launch ever. Wherever in the world the clock strikes midnight on June 20th, his followers will flock to get their paws on one of more than 10m copies of “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”. Bookshops will open in the middle of the night and delivery firms are drafting in extra staff and bigger trucks. Related toys, games, DVDs and other merchandise will be everywhere. There will be no escaping Pottermania.

Yet Mr Potter's world is a curious one, in which things are often not what they appear. While an excitable media (hereby including The Economist, happy to support such a fine example of globalisation) is helping to hype the launch of J.K. Rowling's fifth novel, about the most adventurous thing that the publishers (Scholastic in America and Britain's Bloomsbury in English elsewhere) have organised is a reading by Ms Rowling in London's Royal Albert Hall, to be broadcast as a live webcast.

Hollywood, which owns everything else to do with Harry Potter, says it is doing even less. Incredible as it may seem, the guardians of the brand say that, to protect the Potter franchise, they are trying to maintain a low profile. Well, relatively low.

Ms Rowling signed a contract in 1998 with Warner Brothers, part of AOL Time Warner, giving the studio exclusive film, licensing and merchandising rights in return for what now appears to have been a steal: some $500,000. Warner licenses other firms to produce goods using Harry Potter characters or images, from which Ms Rowling gets a big enough cut that she is now wealthier than the queen—if you believe Britain's Sunday Times rich list. The process is self-generating: each book sets the stage for a film, which boosts book sales, which lifts sales of Potter products.

Globally, the first four Harry Potter books have sold some 200m copies in 55 languages; the two movies have grossed over $1.8 billion at the box office.

This is a stunning success by any measure, especially as Ms Rowling has long demanded that Harry Potter should not be over-commercialised. In line with her wishes, Warner says it is being extraordinarily careful, at least by Hollywood standards, about what it licenses and to whom. It imposed tough conditions on Coca-Cola, insisting that no Harry Potter images should appear on cans, and is now in the process of making its licensing programme even more restrictive. Coke may soon be considered too mass market to carry the brand at all.

The deal with Warner ties much of the merchandising to the films alone. There are no officially sanctioned products relating to “Order of the Phoenix”; nor yet for “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban”, the film of the third book, which is due out in June 2004. Warner agrees that Ms Rowling's creation is a different sort of commercial property, one with long-term potential that could be damaged by a typical Hollywood marketing blitz, says Diane Nelson, the studio's global brand manager for Harry Potter. It is vital, she adds, that with more to come, readers of the books are not alienated. “The evidence from our market research is that enthusiasm for the property by fans is not waning.”

36. When the author says “there will be no escaping Pottermania”, he implies that ____.
[A] Harry Potter’s appeal for the readers is simply irresistible
[B] it is somewhat irrational to be so crazy about the magic boy
[C] craze about Harry Potter will not be over in the near future
[D] Hogwarts school of magic will be the biggest attraction world over
37. Ms Rowling’s reading in London's Royal Albert Hall is mentioned to show ____.
[A] publishers are really adventurous in managing the Potter’s business
[B] businesses involved with Potter are moving along in an unusual way
[C] the media are promoting Pottermania more actively than Hollywood
[D] businesses are actually more credible than media in Potter’s world
38. The author believes that ____.
[A] Britain's Sunday Times rich list is not very convincing as it sounds
[B] Time Warner’s management of licenses is a bit over-commercialised
[C] other firms may produce goods using Harry Potter images at will
[D] what Ms Rowling got in return for her offering to Warner is a real bargain
39. Paragraph 5 intends mainly to show Warner’s ____.
[A] determination to promote Potter
[B] consistence in conducting business
[C] high regard for Ms Rowling’s request
[D] careful restrictions on licensing to Coco-Cola
40. It can be concluded from the last paragraph that ____.
[A] products of Potter films have brought enormous profits to Warner
[B] current Hollywood’s marketing of Potter may damage its potential
[C] readers could get tired of Ms Rowling’s writings sooner or later
[D] Warner will maintain the same strategy with Potter in future

【分析题】：

第11题：What’s your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you 21 thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom 22 events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three of four 23 retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been 24 by psychologists for this “Childhood amnesia” (儿童失忆症). One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature 25 about the age of two. But the most popular theory 26 that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot 27 childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or 28 –one event follows 29 as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental 30 for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don’t find any that fits the 31 . It’s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English Dictionary.

Now psychologist Annette Simmons of the New York State University offers a new 32 for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply 33 any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use 34 spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short–term, quickly 35 impressions of them into long-term memories. In other 36 , children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about 37 ——Mother talking about the afternoon 38 looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this 39 reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form 40 memories of their personal experiences.
1. A. listened B. felt C. touched D. heard

2. A. involve B. interpret C. recall D. resolve

3. A. largely B. rarely C. merely D. really

4. A. canceled B. figured C. proposed D. witnessed

5. A. until B. once C. after D. since

6. A. magnifies B. intervenes C. contains D. maintains

7. A. reflect B. attain C. access D. refer

8. A. narratives B. forecasts C. regulations D. descriptions

9. A. the rest B. another C. the other D. others

10. A. outputs B. dreams C. flashes D. files

11. A. footstep B. pattern C. frame D. landscape

12. A. emphasis B. arrangement C. explanation D. factor

13. A. aren’t B. weren’t C. isn’t D. wasn’t

14. A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. some else D. someone else’s

15. A. forgotten B. remembered C. forgetting D. remembering

16. A. senses B. cases C. words D. means

17. A. him B. theirs C. it D. them

18. A. used B. chosen C. taken D. spent

19. A. habitual B. verbal C. pretty D. mutual

20. A. permanent B. conscious C. subordinate D. spiritual
Section II Reading Comprehension

【分析题】：

第12题：From Southeast Asia to the Black Sea, fishing nets have become deathtraps for thousands of whales, dolphins and porpoises—species whose survival will be threatened unless fishing methods change.
The World Wildlife Fund, a U.S. based environmental group, lists species threatened by accidental catch, and recommends low cost steps to reduce their entanglement in fishing gear. (41) . Dolphins in the Philippines, India and Thailand are urgent priorities.
Threatened populations include Irrawaddy dolphins in Malampyaya Sound off the Philippines’ Palawan island, about 220 miles south of Manila. Only 77 remain. Dolphins also face the threat of traders who sell them to aquariums, especially in Asia.
(42) .
The WWF report said up to 3,000 Spinner dolphins may be caught each year in gillnets, which stretch from the sea floor to the surface and are hard for dolphins to see or detect with their sonar.
(43).
Dolphins are also under threat in Indonesia, Myanmar, India’s Chilka Lake and Thailand’s Songkhla Lake.
Fishing gear kills thousands of porpoises each year in the Black Sea. Atlantic humpback dolphins face the same fate off the coasts of Ghana and Togo in Africa, as do Franciscana dolphins in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Indo Pacific humpback and bottlenose dolphins often die in nets off the south coast of Zanzibar.
(44) .U.S. fisheries in 1993 2003 introduced changes that reduced by a third the number of dolphins accidentally killed by fishing, or bycatch. But few other countries have followed that example and in much of the rest of the world, progress on bycatch mitigation has been slow to nonexistent.
(45). Slight modifications in fishing gear can mean the difference between life and death for dolphins.

【分析题】：

第13题：Part A

51. Directions:

You have stayed with your friend Cathy for a whole week. Now you are going home. Write a message to her to
1) express your gratitude
2) show your appreciation of the good days you’ve had together
3) say goodbye

You should write about 100 words on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Susan” instead. You do not need to write the address. ( 10 points )
Part B
52. Directions:

Assuming that a manager is going to interview some job applicants and one of his friends gives him a piece of advice that the first impression is not a reliable basis for judgment. This manager wants to hear more from others and decides to have a wall newspaper put up for more views on that topic.

1. You are going to write an article to offer your opinion about it.
2.You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.( 20 points )

【分析题】：

第14题：The BBC, Britain’s mammoth public-service broadcaster, has long been a cause for complaint among its competitors in television, radio and educational and magazine publishers. Newspapers, meanwhile, have been protected from it because they published in a different medium. That’s no longer the case. The internet has brought the BBC and newspapers in direct competition—and the BBC looks like coming off best.
The improbable success online of Britain’s lumbering giant of a public service broadcaster is largely down to John Birt, a former director general who “got” the internet before any of the other big men of British media. He launched the corporation’s online operations in 1998, saying that the BBC would be a trusted guide for people bewildered by the variety of online services. The BBC now has 525 sites. It spends ￡15m ($27m) a year on its news website and another
￡51m on others ranging from society and culture to science, nature and entertainment. But behind the websites are the vast newsgathering and programme making resources, including over 5,000 journalists, funded by its annual ￡2.8 billion public subsidy.
For this year’s Chelsea Flower Show, for instance, the BBC’s gardening micro site made it possible to zoom around each competing garden, watch an interview with the designer and click on “leaf hotspots” about individual plants. For this year’s election, the news website offered a wealth of easy-to-use statistical detail on constituencies, voting patterns and polls. This week the BBC announced free downloads of several Beethoven symphonies performed by one of its five in-house orchestras. That particularly annoys newspapers, whose online sites sometimes offer free music downloads—but they have to pay the music industry for them.
It is the success of the BBC’s news website that most troubles newspapers. Its audience has increased from 1.6m unique weekly users in 2000 to 7.8m in 2005; and its content has a breadth and depth that newspapers struggle to match. Newspapers need to build up their online businesses because their offline businesses are flagging. Total newspaper readership has fallen by about 30% since 1990 and readers are getting older as young people increasingly get their news from other sources—principally the internet. In 1990, 38% of newspaper readers were under 35. By 2002, the figure had dropped to 31%. Just this week, Dominic Lawson, the editor of the Sunday Telegraph, was sacked for failing to stem its decline. Some papers are having some success in building audiences online—the Guardian, which has by far the most successful newspaper site, gets nearly half as many weekly users as the BBC—but the problem is turning them into money.
36. What does “John Birt … ‘got’ the internet before any of the other big men of British media” mean?
[A] John Birt was connected to the internet before his competitors.
[B] John Birt launched the BBC website before his competitors launched theirs.
[C] John Birt understood how the internet could be used by news media before his competitors did.
[D] John Birt understood how the internet worked before his competitors did.
37. Why does the text state that the BBC’s success in the field of internet news was “improbable”?
[A] Because the BBC is a large organisation.
[B] Because the BBC is not a private company.
[C] Because the BBC is not a successful media organisation.
[D] Because the BBC doesn’t make a profit.
38. The author cites the examples in paragraph 3 in order to demonstrate that
[A] the BBC’s websites are innovative and comprehensive.
[B] the BBC’s websites are free and wide-ranging.
[C] the BBC spends its money well.
[D] the BBC uses modern technology.
39. The BBC needn’t to pay the music industry to provide classical music downloads for users of its websites because
[A] the BBC is Britain’s state-owned media organisation.
[B] the BBC has a special copyright agreement with the big music industry companies.
[C] the BBC produces classical music itself.
[D] the BBC lets the music industry use its orchestras for free.
40. According to the final paragraph, the main advantage that the BBC has over newspapers is that
[A] more people use the BBC website.
[B] the BBC doesn’t need to make a profit.
[C] the BBC has more competent managers.
[D] young people are turning to the internet for news coverage.

【分析题】：

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