| 考研每日一练（2015-12-22） |
| 第1题：Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an 1 should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, 2 , most people make several job choices during their working lives, 3 because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve 4 position. The “one perfect job” does not exist. Young people should 5 enter into a broad flexible training program that will 6 them for a field of work rather than for a single 7 . Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans 8 benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing 9 about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss 10 . Some drift from job to job. Others 11 to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for 12 real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students—or their parents for them—choose the professional field, 13 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal 14 . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a “whitecollar” job is 15 good reason for choosing it as life’s work. 16 , these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the 17 of young people should give serious 18 to these fields. Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants 19 life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security, others are willing to take 20 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards. 1. A. identification B. entertainment C. accommodation D. occupation 2. A. however B. therefore C. though D. thereby 3. A. entirely B. mainly C. partly D. his 4. A. its B. his C. our D. their 5. A. since B. therefore C. furthermore D. forever 6. A. make B. fit C. take D. leave 7. A. job B. way C. means D. company 8. A. to B. for C. without D. with 9. A. little B. few C. much D. a lot 10. A. chance B. basis C. purpose D. opportunity 11. A. apply B. appeal C. stick D. turn 12. A. our B. its C. your D. their 13. A. concerning B. following C. considering D. disregarding 14. A. preference B. requirements C. tendencies D. ambitions 15. A. a B. any C. no D. the 16. A. Therefore B. However C. Nevertheless D. Moreover 17. A. majority B. mass C. minority D. multitude 18. A. proposal B. suggestion C. consideration D. appraisal 19. A. towards B. against C. out of D. without 20. A. turns B. parts C. choices D. risks Section ⅡReading Comprehension |
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| 第2题： We can learn a good deal about the nature of business by comparing it with poker. While both have a large element of chance, in the long run the winner is the man who plays with steady skill. In both games ultimate victory requires intimate knowledge of the rules, insight into the psychology of the other players, self-confidence, a considerable amount of self-discipline, and the ability to respond swiftly and effectively to opportunities provided by chance. No one expects poker to be played on the ethical principles preached in churches. Poker has its special ethics, and here I am not referring to rules against cheating. The man who keeps an ace up his sleeve or who marks the cards is more than unethical; he is a crook, and can be punished as such—kicked out of the game or, in the Old West, shot. In contrast to the cheat, the unethical poker player is one who, while abiding by the letter of the rules, finds ways to put the other players at an unfair disadvantage. Perhaps he bothers them with loud talk. Or he tries to get them drunk. Ethical poker players frown on such tactics. Poker’s own brand of ethics is different from the ethical ideals of civilized human relationships. The game calls for distrust of the other fellow. It ignores the claim of friendship. Cunning deception and concealment of one’s strength and intentions, not kindness and openheartedness, are vital in poker. No one thinks any the worse of poker on that account. And no one should think any the worse of the game of business because its standards of right and wrong differ from the prevailing traditions of morality in our society. That most businessmen are not indifferent to ethics in their private lives, everyone will agree. My point is that in their office lives they cease to be private citizens; they become game players who must be guided by a somewhat different set of ethical standards. The point was forcefully made to me by a Midwestern executive who has given a good deal of thought to the question: “So long as a businessman complies with the laws of the land and avoids telling harmful lies, he is ethical. If the law as written gives a man wide-open chance to make a killing, he would be a fool not to take advantage of it. If he doesn’t, somebody else will. There is no obligation on him to stop and consider who is going to get hurt. If the law says he can do it, that’s all the justification he needs. There is nothing unethical about that. It’s just plain business sense.” I think it is fair to sum up the prevailing attitude of businessmen on ethics as follows: We live in what is probably the most competitive of the world’s civilized societies. Our customs encourage a high degree of aggression in the individual’s striving for success. Business is our main area of competition, and it has been made into a game of strategy. The basic rules of the game have been set by the government, which attempts to detect and punish business frauds. But as long as a company does not break the rules of the game set by law, it has the legal right to shape its strategy without reference to anything but its profits. Decisions in this area are, finally, decisions of strategy, not of ethics. 36. According to the author, one of the common features of poker winners is . A. a quick response to chances B. extensive knowledge of games C. familiarity with the other players D. chancy response strategies 37. In terms of poker’s ethics, the author believes that . A. a player who keeps an ace up his sleeve violates poker’s ethics B. it is unethical for a player not to annoy the other players with noise C. a player who doesn’t observe poker’s special ethics can be punished D. poker has its own type of ethics different than those of social morality 38. The fifth paragraph implies that . A. nothing should prevent a businessman from making big money legally B. every businessman should give considerable thought to business ethics C. law grants businessmen the right to hurt others when necessary D. business sense simply approves anything unethical 39. It can be concluded from the passage that . A. companies may neglect laws when making their strategies B. deceptions in business might be thought of as reasonable strategies C. laws are especially tolerant of businessmen and their actions D. business ethics can be applied to solve moral problems in society 40. The game ethics as described in the passage might apply to which of the following? A. Medicine. B. Sports. C. Diplomacy. D. Finance. |
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| 第3题：Text 1 St. Paul didn’t like it. Moses warned his people against it. Hesiod declared it “ mischievious” and “ hard to get rid of it,” but Oscar Wilder said, “ Gossip is charming.” “ History is merely gossip,” he wrote in one of his famous plays. “ But scandal is gossip made tedious by morality.” In times past, under Jewish law, gossipmongers might be fined or flogged. The Puritans put them in stocks or ducking stools, but no punishment seemed to have the desired effect of preventing gossip, which has continued uninterrupted across the back fences of the centuries. Today, however, the much-maligned human foible is being looked at in a different light. Psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, even evolutionary biologists are concluding that gossip may not be so bad after all. Gossip is “ an intrinsically valuable activity,” philosophy professor Aaron Ben-Ze’ev states in a book he has edited, entitled Good Gossip. For one thing, gossip helps us acquire information that we need to know that doesn’t come through ordinary channels, such as: “ What was the real reason so-and-so was fired from the office?” Gossip also is a form of social bonding, Dr. Ben-Ze’ev says. It is “ a kind of sharing” that also “ satisfies the tribal need---namely, the need to belong to and be accepted by a unique group.” What’s more, the professor notes, “ Gossip is enjoyable.” Another gossip groupie, Dr. Ronald De Sousa, a professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto, describes gossip basically as a form of indiscretion and a “saintly virtue”, by which he means that the knowledge spread by gossip will usually end up being slightly beneficial. “ It seems likely that a world in which all information were universally available would be preferable to a world where immense power resides in the control of secrets,” he writes. Still, everybody knows that gossip can have its ill effects, especially on the poor wretch being gossiped about. And people should refrain from certain kinds of gossip that might be harmful, even though the ducking stool is long out of fashion. By the way, there is also an interesting strain of gossip called medical gossip, which in its best form, according to researchers Jerry M. Suls and Franklin Goodkin, can motivate people with symptoms of serious illness, but who are unaware of it, to seek medical help. So go ahead and gossip. But remember, if ( as often is the case among gossipers) you should suddenly become one of the gossipees instead, it is best to employ the foolproof defense recommended by Plato, who may have learned the lesson from Socrates, who as you know was the victim of gossip spread that he was corrupting the youth of Athens: When men speak ill of thee, so live that nobody will believe them. Or, as Will Rogers said, “ Live so that you wouldn’t be ashamed to sell the family parrot to the town gossip.” (500 words ) 21. Persons’ remarks are mentioned at the beginning of the text to ____. [ A ] show the general disapproval of gossip [ B ] introduce the topic of gossip [ C ] examine gossip from a historical perspective [ D ] prove the real value of gossip 22. By “Gossip also is a form of social bonding” (Para. 5), Professor Aaron Ben-Ze’ev means gossip ____. [ A ] is a valuable source of social information [ B ] produces a joy that most people in society need [ C ] brings people the feel of being part of a group [ D ] satisfies people’s need of being unusual 23. Which of the following statements is true according to the text? [ A ] everyone involved will not benefit from gossip [ B ] philosophers may hold different attitudes toward gossip [ C ] Dr. Ronald De Sousa regards gossips as perfectly advantageous [ D ] people are generally not conscious of the value of medical gossip 24. We learn from the last paragraph that ____. [ A ] gossipers will surely become gossipees someday [ B ] Socrates was a typical example of a gossiper becoming a gossipee [ C ] Plato escaped being a victim of gossip by no gossiping [ D ] an easy way to confront gossip when subjected to it is to live as usual 25. The author’s attitude toward “ gossip” can be best described as ____. [ A ] neutral [ B ] positive [ C ] negative [ D ] indifferent |
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| 第4题：Text 2 SoBig.F was the more visible of the two recent waves of infection because it propagated itself by e-mail, meaning that victims noticed what was going on. SoBig.F was so effective that it caused substantial disruption even to those protected by anti-virus software. That was because so many copies of the virus spread (some 500,000 computers were infected) that many machines were overwhelmed by messages from their own anti-virus software. On top of that, one common counter-measure backfired, increasing traffic still further. Anti-virus software often bounces a warning back to the sender of an infected e-mail, saying that the e-mail in question cannot be delivered because it contains a virus. SoBig.F was able to spoof this system by “harvesting” e-mail addresses from the hard disks of infected computers. Some of these addresses were then sent infected e-mails that had been doctored to look as though they had come from other harvested addresses. The latter were thus sent warnings, even though their machines may not have been infected. Kevin Haley of Symantec, a firm that makes anti-virus software, thinks that one reason SoBig.F was so much more effective than other viruses that work this way is because it was better at searching hard-drives for addresses. Brian King, of CERT, an internet-security centre at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, notes that, unlike its precursors, SoBig.F was capable of “multi-threading”: it could send multiple e-mails simultaneously, allowing it to dispatch thousands in minutes. Blaster worked by creating a “buffer overrun in the remote procedure call”. In English, that means it attacked a piece of software used by Microsoft's Windows operating system to allow one computer to control another. It did so by causing that software to use too much memory. Most worms work by exploiting weaknesses in an operating system, but whoever wrote Blaster had a particularly refined sense of humour, since the website under attack was the one from which users could obtain a program to fix the very weakness in Windows that the worm itself was exploiting. One way to deal with a wicked worm like Blaster is to design a fairy godmother worm that goes around repairing vulnerable machines automatically. In the case of Blaster someone seems to have tried exactly that with a program called Welchi. However, according to Mr Haley, Welchi has caused almost as many problems as Blaster itself, by overwhelming networks with “pings”—signals that checked for the presence of other computers. Though both of these programs fell short of the apparent objectives of their authors, they still caused damage. For instance, they forced the shutdown of a number of computer networks, including the one used by the New York Times newsroom, and the one organising trains operated by CSX, a freight company on America's east coast. Computer scientists expect that it is only a matter of time before a truly devastating virus is unleashed. 26. SoBig.F damaged computer programs mainly by ____. [A] sending them an overpowering number of messages [B] harvesting the addresses stored in the computers [C] infecting the computers with an invisible virus [D] destroying the anti-virus software of the computers 27. Which of the following best defines the word “ doctored” (line , para. 1) ? [A] falsified [B] cured [C] deceived [D] diagnosed 28. Compared with SoBig.F, Blaster was a virus that was _____. [A] more destructive [B] more humorous [C] less vulnerable [D] less noticeable 29. From the text we learn that Welchi ____. [A] is a wicked worm causing as many damages as Blaster did [B] is a program designed by Haley to detect worms like Blaster [C] is a program intended to fix the infected machines [D] is a worm meant to defeat the virus with “ pings” 30. The tone of the text can best described as _____. [A] optimistic and humorous [B] analytical but concerned [C] passionate but pessimistic [D] scholarly and cautious |
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| 第5题：What’s your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you 21 thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom 22 events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three of four 23 retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been 24 by psychologists for this “Childhood amnesia” (儿童失忆症). One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature 25 about the age of two. But the most popular theory 26 that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot 27 childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or 28 –one event follows 29 as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental 30 for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don’t find any that fits the 31 . It’s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English Dictionary. Now psychologist Annette Simmons of the New York State University offers a new 32 for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply 33 any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use 34 spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short–term, quickly 35 impressions of them into long-term memories. In other 36 , children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about 37 ——Mother talking about the afternoon 38 looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this 39 reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form 40 memories of their personal experiences. 1. A. listened B. felt C. touched D. heard 2. A. involve B. interpret C. recall D. resolve 3. A. largely B. rarely C. merely D. really 4. A. canceled B. figured C. proposed D. witnessed 5. A. until B. once C. after D. since 6. A. magnifies B. intervenes C. contains D. maintains 7. A. reflect B. attain C. access D. refer 8. A. narratives B. forecasts C. regulations D. descriptions 9. A. the rest B. another C. the other D. others 10. A. outputs B. dreams C. flashes D. files 11. A. footstep B. pattern C. frame D. landscape 12. A. emphasis B. arrangement C. explanation D. factor 13. A. aren’t B. weren’t C. isn’t D. wasn’t 14. A. anyone else B. anyone else’s C. some else D. someone else’s 15. A. forgotten B. remembered C. forgetting D. remembering 16. A. senses B. cases C. words D. means 17. A. him B. theirs C. it D. them 18. A. used B. chosen C. taken D. spent 19. A. habitual B. verbal C. pretty D. mutual 20. A. permanent B. conscious C. subordinate D. spiritual Section II Reading Comprehension |
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| 第6题：Responsibilities. We all have them; most of us have more than we’d like. That doesn’t change the reality that, sooner or later, we all have to 1____ up to them. But perhaps it does explain our __2___ to add to the ever-growing list. There’s already so much to do in a day, why tack on an 3_____ burden? Unfortunately, it’s this kind of defeatist mentality 4 __keeps people from enhancing their lives through proper 5 and exercise. Here is the salient point, though: The health and fitness benefits you’ll derive from 6_____ the necessary work are worth whatever sacrifices you must make 7______ the way. I can’t count how many times I’ve heard the same 8 . Each time, I always give the same response: Yes, I say, working out is work. So is taking the 9 to eat right. 10 yourself on the couch or having drinks with friends after work is a lot easier than exercising, and hitting the McDonald’s drive thru takes a lot less time than cooking a 11 at home. But channel surfing, margaritas and a Quarter Pounder. With Cheese aren’t going to produce some of the things worth having—a low cholesterol level or the 12____ to go shirtless on the beach. Those benefits demand a ___13____ effort. I’m not saying you should eschew the ___14__ night on the town or gourmet meal at a five-star restaurant. Both have their ___15____ and are components of a well-rounded life. I’ve enjoyed my ___16____ of revelry and fine ___17___ and look forward to those special opportunities to experience more of the good life. But I’ve managed to find a balance between those ___18 pleasures and a permanent ___19____ to a regular workout and a healthy diet. Because, __20____, it is the latter that will have a lasting improvement on the overall quality of my life. 1. [A] come [B] catch [C] confront [D] face 2. [A] resistance [B] reluctance [C] persistence [D] existence 3. [A] exact [B] external [C] extra [D] extensive 4. [A] that [B] which [C] what [D] who 5. [A] food [B] nutrition [C] diet [D] recreation 6. [A] setting in [B] putting in [C] getting in [D] cutting in 7. [A] along [B] by [C] on [D] in 8. [A] reasons [B] questions [C] doubts [D] excuses 9. [A] chance [B] effort [C] time [D] interest 10. [A] Throwing [B] Planting [C] Sitting [D] Placing 11. [A] dish [B] dinner [C] meal [D] hamburger 12. [A] pride [B] confidence [C] enthusiasm [D] inspiration 13. [A] long time [B] long range [C] long term [D] long distance 14. [A] additional [B] emotional [C] occasional [D] sensational 15. [A] place [B] position [C] location [D] attraction 16. [A] share [B] part [C] portion [D] section 17. [A] meal [B] diet [C] dining [D] eating 18. [A] short dated [B] short lived [C] short legged [D] short tempered 19. [A] coherence [B] experience [C] adherence [D]remembrance 20. [A] in a word [B] in the end [C] in the future [D] in a nutshell |
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| 第7题：超额利润是（） A.商品价值与生产价格的差额 B.商品价值与生产成本的差额 C.部门生产的剩余价值与平均利润的差额 D.个别生产价格与社会生产价格的差额 |
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| 第8题：资本有机构成提高的速度，一般以（） A.单个资本的增大为前提 B.扩大再生产为前提 C.简单再生产为前提 D.资本周转速度加快为前提 |
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| 第9题：新中国对民族资产阶级实行和平赎买的必要性在于（） A.民族资产阶级拥护共产党的领导，承认《共同纲领》 B.中国经济落后，需要利用民族资本主义经济有利于国计民生的一面 C.民族资本主义经济构成整个国民经济的基础 D.民族资产阶级有一定的技术专长和管理经验 |
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| 第10题：Text 4 Perhaps only a small boy training to be a wizard at the Hogwarts school of magic could cast a spell so powerful as to create the biggest book launch ever. Wherever in the world the clock strikes midnight on June 20th, his followers will flock to get their paws on one of more than 10m copies of “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”. Bookshops will open in the middle of the night and delivery firms are drafting in extra staff and bigger trucks. Related toys, games, DVDs and other merchandise will be everywhere. There will be no escaping Pottermania. Yet Mr Potter's world is a curious one, in which things are often not what they appear. While an excitable media (hereby including The Economist, happy to support such a fine example of globalisation) is helping to hype the launch of J.K. Rowling's fifth novel, about the most adventurous thing that the publishers (Scholastic in America and Britain's Bloomsbury in English elsewhere) have organised is a reading by Ms Rowling in London's Royal Albert Hall, to be broadcast as a live webcast. Hollywood, which owns everything else to do with Harry Potter, says it is doing even less. Incredible as it may seem, the guardians of the brand say that, to protect the Potter franchise, they are trying to maintain a low profile. Well, relatively low. Ms Rowling signed a contract in 1998 with Warner Brothers, part of AOL Time Warner, giving the studio exclusive film, licensing and merchandising rights in return for what now appears to have been a steal: some $500,000. Warner licenses other firms to produce goods using Harry Potter characters or images, from which Ms Rowling gets a big enough cut that she is now wealthier than the queen—if you believe Britain's Sunday Times rich list. The process is self-generating: each book sets the stage for a film, which boosts book sales, which lifts sales of Potter products. Globally, the first four Harry Potter books have sold some 200m copies in 55 languages; the two movies have grossed over $1.8 billion at the box office. This is a stunning success by any measure, especially as Ms Rowling has long demanded that Harry Potter should not be over-commercialised. In line with her wishes, Warner says it is being extraordinarily careful, at least by Hollywood standards, about what it licenses and to whom. It imposed tough conditions on Coca-Cola, insisting that no Harry Potter images should appear on cans, and is now in the process of making its licensing programme even more restrictive. Coke may soon be considered too mass market to carry the brand at all. The deal with Warner ties much of the merchandising to the films alone. There are no officially sanctioned products relating to “Order of the Phoenix”; nor yet for “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban”, the film of the third book, which is due out in June 2004. Warner agrees that Ms Rowling's creation is a different sort of commercial property, one with long-term potential that could be damaged by a typical Hollywood marketing blitz, says Diane Nelson, the studio's global brand manager for Harry Potter. It is vital, she adds, that with more to come, readers of the books are not alienated. “The evidence from our market research is that enthusiasm for the property by fans is not waning.” 36. When the author says “there will be no escaping Pottermania”, he implies that ____. [A] Harry Potter’s appeal for the readers is simply irresistible [B] it is somewhat irrational to be so crazy about the magic boy [C] craze about Harry Potter will not be over in the near future [D] Hogwarts school of magic will be the biggest attraction world over 37. Ms Rowling’s reading in London's Royal Albert Hall is mentioned to show ____. [A] publishers are really adventurous in managing the Potter’s business [B] businesses involved with Potter are moving along in an unusual way [C] the media are promoting Pottermania more actively than Hollywood [D] businesses are actually more credible than media in Potter’s world 38. The author believes that ____. [A] Britain's Sunday Times rich list is not very convincing as it sounds [B] Time Warner’s management of licenses is a bit over-commercialised [C] other firms may produce goods using Harry Potter images at will [D] what Ms Rowling got in return for her offering to Warner is a real bargain 39. Paragraph 5 intends mainly to show Warner’s ____. [A] determination to promote Potter [B] consistence in conducting business [C] high regard for Ms Rowling’s request [D] careful restrictions on licensing to Coco-Cola 40. It can be concluded from the last paragraph that ____. [A] products of Potter films have brought enormous profits to Warner [B] current Hollywood’s marketing of Potter may damage its potential [C] readers could get tired of Ms Rowling’s writings sooner or later [D] Warner will maintain the same strategy with Potter in future |
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