| 考研每日一练（2016-1-19） |
| 第1题： We can learn a good deal about the nature of business by comparing it with poker. While both have a large element of chance, in the long run the winner is the man who plays with steady skill. In both games ultimate victory requires intimate knowledge of the rules, insight into the psychology of the other players, self-confidence, a considerable amount of self-discipline, and the ability to respond swiftly and effectively to opportunities provided by chance. No one expects poker to be played on the ethical principles preached in churches. Poker has its special ethics, and here I am not referring to rules against cheating. The man who keeps an ace up his sleeve or who marks the cards is more than unethical; he is a crook, and can be punished as such—kicked out of the game or, in the Old West, shot. In contrast to the cheat, the unethical poker player is one who, while abiding by the letter of the rules, finds ways to put the other players at an unfair disadvantage. Perhaps he bothers them with loud talk. Or he tries to get them drunk. Ethical poker players frown on such tactics. Poker’s own brand of ethics is different from the ethical ideals of civilized human relationships. The game calls for distrust of the other fellow. It ignores the claim of friendship. Cunning deception and concealment of one’s strength and intentions, not kindness and openheartedness, are vital in poker. No one thinks any the worse of poker on that account. And no one should think any the worse of the game of business because its standards of right and wrong differ from the prevailing traditions of morality in our society. That most businessmen are not indifferent to ethics in their private lives, everyone will agree. My point is that in their office lives they cease to be private citizens; they become game players who must be guided by a somewhat different set of ethical standards. The point was forcefully made to me by a Midwestern executive who has given a good deal of thought to the question: “So long as a businessman complies with the laws of the land and avoids telling harmful lies, he is ethical. If the law as written gives a man wide-open chance to make a killing, he would be a fool not to take advantage of it. If he doesn’t, somebody else will. There is no obligation on him to stop and consider who is going to get hurt. If the law says he can do it, that’s all the justification he needs. There is nothing unethical about that. It’s just plain business sense.” I think it is fair to sum up the prevailing attitude of businessmen on ethics as follows: We live in what is probably the most competitive of the world’s civilized societies. Our customs encourage a high degree of aggression in the individual’s striving for success. Business is our main area of competition, and it has been made into a game of strategy. The basic rules of the game have been set by the government, which attempts to detect and punish business frauds. But as long as a company does not break the rules of the game set by law, it has the legal right to shape its strategy without reference to anything but its profits. Decisions in this area are, finally, decisions of strategy, not of ethics. 36. According to the author, one of the common features of poker winners is . A. a quick response to chances B. extensive knowledge of games C. familiarity with the other players D. chancy response strategies 37. In terms of poker’s ethics, the author believes that . A. a player who keeps an ace up his sleeve violates poker’s ethics B. it is unethical for a player not to annoy the other players with noise C. a player who doesn’t observe poker’s special ethics can be punished D. poker has its own type of ethics different than those of social morality 38. The fifth paragraph implies that . A. nothing should prevent a businessman from making big money legally B. every businessman should give considerable thought to business ethics C. law grants businessmen the right to hurt others when necessary D. business sense simply approves anything unethical 39. It can be concluded from the passage that . A. companies may neglect laws when making their strategies B. deceptions in business might be thought of as reasonable strategies C. laws are especially tolerant of businessmen and their actions D. business ethics can be applied to solve moral problems in society 40. The game ethics as described in the passage might apply to which of the following? A. Medicine. B. Sports. C. Diplomacy. D. Finance. |
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| 第2题：Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an 1 should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, 2 , most people make several job choices during their working lives, 3 because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve 4 position. The “one perfect job” does not exist. Young people should 5 enter into a broad flexible training program that will 6 them for a field of work rather than for a single 7 . Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans 8 benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing 9 about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss 10 . Some drift from job to job. Others 11 to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for 12 real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students—or their parents for them—choose the professional field, 13 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal 14 . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a “whitecollar” job is 15 good reason for choosing it as life’s work. 16 , these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the 17 of young people should give serious 18 to these fields. Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants 19 life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security, others are willing to take 20 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards. 1. A. identification B. entertainment C. accommodation D. occupation 2. A. however B. therefore C. though D. thereby 3. A. entirely B. mainly C. partly D. his 4. A. its B. his C. our D. their 5. A. since B. therefore C. furthermore D. forever 6. A. make B. fit C. take D. leave 7. A. job B. way C. means D. company 8. A. to B. for C. without D. with 9. A. little B. few C. much D. a lot 10. A. chance B. basis C. purpose D. opportunity 11. A. apply B. appeal C. stick D. turn 12. A. our B. its C. your D. their 13. A. concerning B. following C. considering D. disregarding 14. A. preference B. requirements C. tendencies D. ambitions 15. A. a B. any C. no D. the 16. A. Therefore B. However C. Nevertheless D. Moreover 17. A. majority B. mass C. minority D. multitude 18. A. proposal B. suggestion C. consideration D. appraisal 19. A. towards B. against C. out of D. without 20. A. turns B. parts C. choices D. risks Section ⅡReading Comprehension |
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| 第3、4、5、6、7题： JOY WILLIAMS'S quirky fourth novel "The Quick and the Dead" follows a trio of 16-yearold misfits in a warped "Charlie's Angels" set in the American south-west. Driven hazily to defend animal rights, the girls accomplish little beyond diatribe: they rescue a putrefied ram and hurl stones at stuffed elephants. In what is structurally a road novel that ends up where it began, the desultory threesome stumbles upon both cruelty to animals and unlikely romance. A mournful dog is strangled by an irate neighbor, a taxidermist falls in love with an 8-year-old direct-action firebrand determined that he atone for his sins. A careen across the barely tamed Arizona prairie, this peculiar book aims less for a traditional storyline than a sequence of jangled (often hilarious) conversations, ludicrous circumstances, and absurdist tableaux. The consequent long-walk-to-nowhere is both the book's limitation and its charm. All three girls are motherless. Fiercely political Alice discovers that her erstwhile parents are her grandparents, who thereupon shrivel: "Deceit had kept them young whereas the truth had accelerated them practically into decrepitude." Both parents of the doleful Corvus drowned while driving on a flooded interstate off-ramp. The mother of the more conventional Annabel ("one of those people who would say, `We'll get in touch soonest' when they never wanted to see you again") slammed her car drunkenly into a fish restaurant. Later, Annabel's father observes to his wife's ghost, "You didn't want to order what I ordered, darling." The sharp-tongued wraith snaps back: "That's because you always ordered badly and wanted me to experience your miserable mistake." Against a roundly apocalyptic world view, the great pleasures of this book are line-by-line. Ms Williams can lacerate setting and character alike in a few slashes: "It was one of those rugged American places, a remote, sad-ass, but plucky downwind town whose citizens were flawed and brave." Alice's acerbity spits little wisdoms: putting lost teeth under a pillow for money is "a classic capitalistic consumer ploy, designed to wean you away at an early age from healthy horror and sensible dismay to greedy, deluded, sunny expectancy." Whether or not the novel, like Alice, expressly advocates animal rights, an animal motif crops up in every scene, as flesh-and blood "critters" (usually dead) or insipid decoration on crockery. If Ms Williams does not intend to induce human horror at a pending bestial Armageddon, she at least invokes a future of earthly loneliness, where animals appear only as ceramic-hen butter dishes and endangered-species Elastoplasts. One caution: when flimsy narrative superstructure begins to sag, anarchic wackiness can grow wearing. While "The Quick and the Dead" is edgy from its first page, the trouble with starting at the edge is there is nowhere to go. Nevertheless, Ms Williams is original, energetic and viscously funny: Carl Hiaasen with a conscience. 31. The girls in the novel A.did nothing about reflecting the society facts.? B.protected animals successfully. C.were cruel to the animals. D.murdered their neighbor’s dog. 32. This novel is attentive to each of the following except A.backgrounds B.conversations C.traditional storyline D.scenes 33. The main idea of the novel is A.care about the children B.how to make crockery C.fight with the animal-killers D.animal protection 34. The second paragraph tells us A.the miserable life of the girls. B.the girls’ parents are growing old. C.society contradiction and circumstances the girls live in. D.the backgrounds of the story and the heroines. 35. For Alice, putting lost teeth under a pillow for money is not A.just a beautiful dream. B.a way to be away the cheating.? C.a way to be away the lust .? D.a way to prevent one from illness. |
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| 第8题： AFTER its misadventures in 1993, when American marines were driven out of Somalia by skinny gunmen, America has used a long spoon in supping with Somalia's warlords. This, like so much else, changed on September 11th.(41)_____. Clandestine, up to a point: within hours of the arrival in Baidoa of nine closely cropped Americans sporting matching satellite phones and shades, their activities were broadcast. After meeting various warlords, the group inspected a compound that had apparently been offered to them as their future base. They also saw an old military depot. Neither can have been encouraging: the compound has been taken over by war-displaced families, and the depot by thorn-scrub. America was already convinced of al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. It had listed a Somali Islamic group, al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity), as a terrorist organisation. (42)_____. It fears that lawless Somalia could become a haven for escapes from Afghanistan. The American navy is currently patrolling the country's long coastline, while spy planes are said to be criss-crossing the heavens. (43)_____. With a little bit of help, he told his American visitors, he would be ready "to liberate the country from these evil forces". America had already heard as much through its embassies in Nairobi and Addis Ababa, which maintain contact with the warlords, and from Ethiopia. The warlords are supported by Ethiopia, which has a historical fear of a strong Somalia, in a bid to oppose the government. But their differing views on where to strike at the "terrorists" reveal that their individual ambitions are even sharper than their dislike of the government. Mr Ismail says that Merca, which is claimed by his Rahanwein clan, is the capital of terror. (44)____. The UN says there is only an orphanage there now. But the island is close to Mr Morgan's home town of Kismaayo, which he failed to capture from a pro-government militia in July, and he is determined not to fail again. None of this looks good for Somalia's official president, Abdiquassim Salad Hassan, whose government is in control of about half the capital, Mogadishu. He has formed his own anti-terrorism unit, and invited America to send investigators, or even troops. America, armed with stories about the presence of al-Itihaad members held back, but on December 18th sent an envoy to Mogadishu. Both Mr Hassan and the UN say that al-Itihaad is not a terrorist organisation. It emerged as an armed force in 1991, battling for power in the aftermath of Siad Barre's fall. It had some early successes, briefly taking Kismaayo. But it was always dependent on the blessing of its members' clan elders. When the elders eventually called their fighters back, a hard core of Islamists fled to the Gedo border region where, in 1997, they were crushed by Ethiopian troops(45)_____. The Baidoa alliance plainly hopes to be supported as proxies in a fight against "terrorism" and the Mogadishu regime. But the latest intelligence leaks suggest that the first reports may have overestimated al-Qaeda's presence in Somalia. Nor would Mr bin Laden and his henchmen find it easy to lie low in an oral culture that considers rumour-mongering to be a form of manners. Even so, the warlords seem to believe that they have won some promise of help. Soon after the arrival of the American group, they pulled out of the peace talks they had been holding with their government in Nairobi. [A] Al-Itihaad subsequently infiltrated Somalia's business class, and now runs Islamic schools, courts and clinics with the money it has accumulated. [B] According to Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail, the acting chairman of the loose alliance of warlords who control most of Somalia and are based in Baidoa, there are "approximately 20,480 armed extremists" in Somalia and "85% of the government is al-Itihaad". [C] Muhammad Hersi Morgan, known as the "butcher of Hargeisa" because he once razed that town to the ground, says an al-Itihaad camp on Ras Kamboni island is still active. [D] But since September 11th 2001, western governments, anxious to prevent al-Qaeda from using Somalia as a base, have pressed the warlords to make peace. [E] American intelligence officers are working with two warlords to gather information about suspected al-Qaeda people in Somalia. [F] On December 9th America sent a clandestine mission to talk to a collection of Somali warlords, who like to claim that their country, in particular their UN-sponsored government, is overrun with terrorists. [G] It had also forced the closure of Barakaat, Somalia's biggest banking and telecoms company, which handles most of the remittances that Somalis working abroad send back to their families. |
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| 第9题：国家调节市场，市场引导企业的经济运行模式是由（） A.党的十五大首先提出 B.党的十二大首先提出 C.党的十三大首先提出 D.党的十四大首先提出 |
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| 第10题：在社会主义初级阶段，我国经济方面的重要特征是（） A.社会生产力水平的多层次性和所有制结构的多样性 B.发挥市场机制作用与加强宏观经济调控相结合 C.以信息化带动工业化，全面推进现代化建设 D.全面建设小康社会，最终实现共同富裕 |
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| 第11题：邓小平同志制定方针政策和作出决断的出发点和归宿是（） A.是否能够解放生产力、发展生产力 B.能否巩固社会主义制度 C.人民拥护不拥护、人民赞成不赞成、人民高兴不高兴、人民答应不答应 D.能否增强社会主义国家的综合国力 |
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| 第12题：我们党坚持全心全意为人民服务，必须要坚持的三个一致性是（） A.国家利益、集体利益和个人利益的一致性 B.坚持尊重社会发展规律与尊重人民历史主体地位的一致性 C.坚持为崇高理想奋斗与为最广大人民谋利益的一致性 D.坚持完成党的各项工作与实现人民利益的一致性 |
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| 第13题：2004年2月25日至28日，中国、朝鲜、美国、韩国、日本和俄罗斯第二轮六方会谈在北京举行，第二轮会谈取得的主要进展是（） A.成功推进了实质问题的讨论 B.明确了采取协调一致步骤解决问题的方式 C.发表了启动和谈进程以来的首份文件 D.同意建立工作组推进会谈机制化，并确定了第三轮会谈的地点和时间 |
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| 第14题：毛泽东对近代中国半殖民地半封建社会的主要特点作了具体分析和论述的著作是（） A.《中国革命与中国共产党》 B.《中国社会各阶级的分析》 C.《新民主主义论》 D.《论联合政府》 |
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