考研习题练习
| 考研每日一练（2019/1/23） |
| 第1题：We may think we know the revealing signs of lying, be it shifty eyes or nervous behaviors. Professional interrogators look for such tells, too, assuming a suspect’s nervousness betrays his guilt.But interrogation can unsettle even the innocent, so nervousness alone cannot distinguish liars from truth tellers. Scientists looking for better ways to detect lies have found a promising one: increasing suspects’ "cognitive loaD、" For a host of reasons, their theory goes, lying is more mentally taxing than telling the truth. Performing an extra task while lying or telling the truth should therefore affect the liars more. To test this idea, deception researchers led by psychologistAldert Vrij of the University of Portsmouth inEngland asked one group to lie convincingly and another group to tell the truth about a staged theft scenario that only the truth tellers had experienceD、A、second pair of groups had to do the same but with a crucial twist: both the liars and the truth tellers had to maintain eye contact while telling their stories. Later, as researchers watched videotapes of the suspects’ accounts, they tallied verbal signs of cognitive load (such as fewer spatial details in the suspects’ stories) and nonverbal ones (such as fewer eyeblinks). The eyeblinks are particularly interesting because whereas rapid blinking suggests nervousness, fewer blinks are a sign of cognitive load, Vrij explains--and contrary to what police are taught, liars tend to blink less.Although the effect was subtle, the instruction to maintain eye contact did magnify the differences between the truth tellers and the liars. So do these differences actually make it easier for others to distinguish liars from truth tellers They do-- but although students watching the videos had an easier time spotting a liar in the eye-contact condition, their accuracy rates were still poor.Any group differences between liars and truth tellers were dwarfed by differences between individual participants. For example, some people blink far less than others whether or not they are lying-and some are simply better able to carry a higher cognitive loaD、 All this makes it hard to put the study’s findings into practice--especially out in the field, where the people most likely to lie are those who are good at lying. "In the real world, there’s no Pinocchio-like cue that distinguishes liars from truth tellers," says study co-author Ronald Fisher of Florida International University. Magnifying subtle differences may be the next best thing. The phrase "mentally taxing" in Line 2, Paragraph 2 most probably means thatA．one should think harder to tell the truth than to lie. B．one should be cleverer to lie than to tell the truth. C．compared with telling the truth lying is more mentally demanding. D．compared with telling the truth lying is more mentally painful. |
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| 第2题：古有一人，一天无食，偶遇客栈，连食三斤牛肉，无知无觉，再要一斤，方感实在，后悔曰：“早知一斤可饱，何需三斤。”众人听毕，皆掩口嘻笑。从哲学上讲，吃肉人的错误在于不懂得 A．量变是质变的必要准备 B．事物变化是内因和外因共同起作用的结果 C．矛盾双方的转化是有条件的 D．物质决定意识，意识对物质具有反作用 |
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| 第3题：下列哪一事件之后，明与蒙古之间出现了“自宣大至甘肃，不用兵者二十年”的情形( )
A．俺答封贡 B．庚子之变 C．庚戌之变 D．土木之变 |
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第4题： |
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| 第5题： 下列哪一项常可提示早期乳腺癌 A．乳房周期性胀痛 B．乳房局限性肿痛 C．乳房内多个小肿块 D．乳房内单个无痛性肿块 |
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| 第6题：The use of heat pumps has’ been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation. Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body or air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop.As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilleD、It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively. The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps--either to heat or cool room air. Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation. Unfortunately, there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant.,But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant--and thus the thermal energy it carries--is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression. Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates--where the most heat is needed--heat pumps are least able to supply en6ugh heat. The primary purpose, of the passage is to______ A、explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes B、contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps C、describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use D、advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps |
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| 第7题：In a science-fiction movie called "Species", a mysterious signal from outer space turns out to describe the genome of an unknown organism. When the inevitable mad scientist synthesizes theDN A、described by the instructions, the creature he breeds from it turns out to resemble Natasha Henstridge, an athletic actress. Unfortunately, the alien harbors within her delicate form the destructive powers of a Panzer division, and it all ends badly for the rash geneticist and his laboratory. GlenEvans, chief executive ofEgeaBiosciences in SanDiego,California, acknowledges regretfully that despite seeking his expert opinion—in return for which he was presented with the poster of the striking Mr Henstridge that hangs on his office wall—the producers of "Species" did not hew very closely to his suggestions about the feasibility of their script ideas. Still, they had come to the right man.DrEvans believes that his firm will soon be able to create, if not an alien succubus, at least a tiny biological machine made of artificial proteins that could mimic the behavior of a living cell. Making such proteins will require the ability to synthesize long stretches ofDN A、Existing technology for synthesizingDN A、can manage to make genes that encode a few dozen amino acids, but this is too short to produce any interesting proteins.Egea’s technology, by contrast, would allow biologists to manufacture genes wholesale. The firm’s scientists can make genes long enough to encode 6,000 amino acids. They aim to synthesize a gene for 30,000 amino acids within two years. Using a library of the roughly 1,500 possible "motifs" or folds that a protein can adopt,Egea’s scientists employ computers to design new proteins that are likely to have desirable shapes and properties. To synthesize theDN A、that encodes these proteins,Egea uses a machine it has dubbed the "genewriter".DrEvans likens this device to a word-processor forDNA, on which you can type in the sequence of letters defining a piece ofDN A、and get that molecule out. AsEgea extends the length ofDN A、it can synthesize,DrEvans envisages encoding not just proteins, but entire biochemical pathways, which are teams of proteins that conduct metabolic processes. A、collection of such molecules could conceivably function as a miniature machine that would operate in the body and attack disease, just as the body’s own defensive cells do. PerhapsDrEvans and his colleagues ought to get in touch with their friends in HollywooD、 This passage is mainly A、about a new application of computers. B．a review of a science-fiction movie. C、about synthesizing interestingDN A、 D．a survey of scientific breakthroughs. |
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| 第8题：{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} Thus far, the high oil price has been largely a consequence of good things, such as a strengthening world economy, rather than a cause of bad things, such as faster inflation or slower growth.China’s burgeoning economy guzzled about 6m bpd in the first quarter of this year, 15% more than a year ago, according to Goldman Sachs.Demand was also strong in the rest ofAsia, excluding Japan, growing by 5.2% to 8. 1m bpD、As the year progresses, the seasonal rhythms ofAmerica’s drivers will dictate prices, at least of the lighter, sweeter crudes.Americans take to the roads en masse in the summer, and speculators are driving up the oil price now in anticipation of peak demand in a few months’ time. Until recently, the rise in the dollar price of oil was offset outsideAmerica andChina by the fall in the dollar itself.But the currency has regained some ground in recent weeks, and the oil price has continued to rise.Even so, talk of another oil price shock is premature. The price of oil, adjusted for inflation, is only half what it was inDecember 1979, and the United States now uses half as much energy per dollar of output as it did in the early 1970s.But if oil cannot shock the world economy quite as it used to, it can still give it "a good kick", warns Goldman Sachs. If average oil prices for the year come in 10% higher than it forecast, it reckons GDP growth in the Group of Seven (G7) rich nations will be reduced by 0.3%, or $70 billion. TheAmericans are certainly taking the issue seriously. John Snow, their treasury secretary, called OPEC’s February decision "regrettable", and the rise in prices since then "not helpful". Washington pays close heed to the man at the petrol pump, who has seen the average price of a gallon of unleaded petrol rise by 39 cents in the past year.And the Saudis, some mutter, pay close heed to Washington. Besides, the high oil price may have filled Saudi coffers, but it has also affronted Saudi pride. Mr. al-Naimi thinks the high price is due to fears that supply might be disrupted in the future. These fears, he says, are "unwarranted".But the hulking machinery in theArabian desert that keeps oil flowing round the world presents an inviting target to terrorists should they tire of bombing embassies and nightclubs. (ha May 1st, gunmen killed six people in a Saudi office ofABB、Lummus Global, anAmerican oil contractor. Such incidents add to the risk premium factored into the oil price, a premium that the Saudis take as a vote of no confidence in their kingdom and its ability to guarantee the supply of oil in the face of terrorist threats. |
B．SaudiArabia objected to the rise of oil price.
C．SaudiArabia was concerned about the world economy.
D．SaudiArabia wished to reduce the oil production.
| 第9题：阅读下列有关认识和实践关系的一组材料： 材料1 观念有三类：天赋的，外来的、虚构的。这是按照不同来源而做出的区分，虚构的观念是思想自己制造出来的，天赋的和外来的观念都是由思想以外的原因所造成的。因此上述观念可合并为两种：思想自己制造出来的和由外部原因造成的。思想自己制造出来的观念不是真实的，而在外部原因所造成的观念中，有一些是真实的，有一些不是真实的。前者指上帝造成的观念，后者指可感事物造成的观念。 ——摘自《西方哲学简史》 材料2 心灵是一块白板，上面没有记号。只是通过经验的途径，心灵才有了观念。因此，经验是观念的唯一来源。经验分为感觉和反省两类：感觉是观念的内在来源，它是通过外物地刺激而产生观念的过程；反省是观念的内在来源，心灵不但消极的接受外物的刺激，它本身就是内部感官，有对刺激进行反作用的主动性。心灵通过感觉而对取得的观念进行反思，从而得到新观念；它还会对自身的活动进行反思得到另外一些观念，这些观念多与感情有关。感觉和反省不是相互独立的活动，它们可以共同起作用，因此，有些观念同时有两个来源。 ——摘自《西方哲学简史》 材料3 “人的思维最本质和最切近的基础，正是人所引起的自然界的变化，而不是单独的自然界本身；人的智力是按照人如何学会改变自然界而发展的。”“认识是思维对客体的永远的、无止境的接近。自然界在人的思想中的反映，要理解为不是‘僵死的’不是‘抽象的’不是没有运动的，不是没有矛盾的。而是处在运动的永恒过程中，处在矛盾的发生和解决的永恒过程中。” ——摘自《马克斯恩格斯选集》第3卷 材料4 恩格斯说：“资产阶级为了发展它的工业生产，需要有探索自然物体的物理特征和自然力的活动方式的科学”“近代工业不仅提供了大量可供观察的材料，而且自身也提供了和以往完全不同的实验手段，并使新的工具的制造成为可能” ——摘自《马克思恩格斯选集》第3卷 请回答： (1)材料1认为观念是从哪里来的 如何理解“有些观念同时有两个来源” 材料1和材料2所反映观点有什么区别(2)如何理解“人的思维最本质和最切近的基础，正是人所引起的自然界的变化，而不是单独的自然界本身” 说明材料3在认识论上的基本观点。 (3)根据材料3和材料4说明实践和认识的辩证关系。 |
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| 第10题：有六个元素6，5，4，3，2，1的顺序进栈，下列______不是合法的出栈序列。
A．5 4 3 6 1 2 B．4 5 3 1 2 6 C．3 4 6 5 2 1 D．2 3 4 1 5 6 |
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