考研习题练习
| 考研每日一练（2019/8/8） |
| 第1题：To avoid the various foolish opinions to which man is liable, no superhuman genius is requireD、 A、few simple roles will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. 46) Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs.Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counteD、 He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don’t is a fatal mistake, to which we am all liable. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. 47) If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary, to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. 48) The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. 49) This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not, subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi considered it unfortunate to have railways and steam- boats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granteD、50) But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent. |
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| 第2题：1998年5月，欧盟特别首脑会议确定欧洲十一个国家为欧元创始国。下列选项中不属于创始国的是
A．德国 B．法国 C．意大利 D．英国 |
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| 第3题：和普通商品相比．把金或银等贵金属从商品世界中分离出来固定地充当一般等价物，表现其他商品的价值，这是由于
A．金或银等贵金属是商品，具有价值 B．金或银等贵金属比较稀缺 C．人们偏好拥有金或银等贵金属 D．金或银等贵金属的自然特性最适合充当一般等价物 |
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| 第4题：大柴胡汤组成中无()
A．大黄 B．人参 C．枳实 D．白芍 |
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第5题： |
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| 第6题：整风运动的最主要的任务是
A．反对宗派主义 B．反对主观主义 C．反对党八股 D．反对教条主义 |
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| 第7题：Historically, theEuropean Union has not bothered with funding much basic scientific research. Such activities have mainly remained the preserve of national governments, not least because giving scientists free rein can lead to discoveries that not only make money but ultimately enhance military might. That attitude is now changing. TheEuropeanCommission proposes to establish aEuropean ResearchCouncilERC、that would spend a maximum of 12 billion (＄14 billion) over seven years on" blue skies" research. While the plans are being generally welcomed byEurope’s member states, their details are problematiC、The proposedERC、is intended to makeEurope more competitive.Europe has some first-class universities, scientific institutions and research organisations.But, theERC’s proponents argue, their activities are fragmented, so they are not reaching their full potential. InAmerica, teams from across the country compete with each other for grants from the National Science Foundation. The proposedERC、is modelled on this scheme. It would award grants to individual research teams for a specific project, solely on the basis of scientific merit judged by peer review. If theERC、were created, scientists from acrossEurope would compete with each other for funds, rather than merely competing with their fellow countrymen, as happens at present. This compares with the limited funding for basic research that currently exists in theEU, which places its emphasis on collaboration between researchers. It is open only to researchers in a narrow range of disciplines chosen by theEuropean Parliament and the commission. TheERC、would be quite different, placing its emphasis on competition between researchers and leaving scientists themselves to decide which areas of science to pursue. Helga Nowotny, who chairs theEuropean ResearchAdvisoryBoard—an advisory body to the commission—says that winning a grant from theERC、could come to be seen as unmistakable recognition of research excellence. The quality ofEuropean research needs to be stepped up a notch.Between 1980 and 2003,Europe had 68 Nobel laureates in medicine, physics and chemistry compared with 154 inAmericA、With competition fromChina and India,Europe’s share could fall further. One of the reasons forEurope’s relatively weak performance is thought to be a lack of genuine competition betweenEurope’s researchers.Another is its poor ability to attract young people into a research career. Recent estimates suggest thatEurope needs an extra 700,000 researchers if it is to meet its overall target of raising spending(private,national andEU) on research and development to 3% of GDP by 2010. Many young scientists leaveEurope forAmerica once they have finished their training.Dr Nowotny says theERC、could help here too. It could establish a scheme to give young researchers the opportunity to follow their own ideas and become independent at an earlier stage in their careers, encouraging talent to stay inEurope. The crucial issue now is whether theERC、will be able to set its own research agenda, free from the interference and bureaucracy of the commission and influence of member states. Last month, 22 leadingEuropean scientists charged with shaping theERC’ s scientific strategy met for the first time to start hammering out a charter and constitution. Serious concerns remain over the legal structure of the body. The final decision on theERC’ s legal form, on a date yet unspecified, rests with theEuropean Parliament and member states in theEuropeanCouncil. If both are genuine in their support for theERC、andEurope’s aim of becoming more competitive, then they must find a way of keeping theERC、free from political interference.Europe would benefit from a competition for its best researchers which rewards scientific excellence.A、quasi-competition that recognizes how many votes each member state is allotted would be pointless. |
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| 第8题：随着科学技术的发展，人类已经制造出诸如醋酸纤维、聚苯乙烯、合成橡胶等自然界原本不存在的化合物，其数量已达数百万种。这一情况说明( )
A．物质世界是人类创造的 B．人类通过实践将“自在之物”转化为“为我之物” C．物质世界依赖于人的意识而存在 D．人造物质可以脱离天然物质而存在 |
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| 第9题：下列关于胆囊癌的叙述，哪项是正确的
A．30岁以下的患者多见 B．早期常见放射至肩背部的右上腹痛 C．以硬性鳞癌较多见 D．治疗首选手术切除 |
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| 第10题： 下面诗句如按写作的时间先后排列，正确的一组是： ①羽扇纶巾，谈笑间，樯橹灰飞烟灭。 ②不狩不猎，胡瞻尔庭有县貆兮。 ③安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜。 ④君当作磐石，妾当作蒲苇。 ⑤与天地兮比寿，与日月兮齐光。 ⑥峰峦如聚，波涛如怒，山河表里潼关路。 ⑦当窗理云鬓，对镜贴花黄。 A．⑤⑥⑦②③①④ B．②①③⑤⑦⑥④ C．④②③⑤①⑥⑦ D．②⑤④⑦③①⑥ |
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