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【单选题】The extent of a nation’s power over its coastal ecosystems and the natural resources in its coastal waters has been defined by two international law doctrines, freedom of the seas and adjacent state sovereignty. Until the mid-twentieth century, most nations favored application of broad open-seas freedoms and limited sovereign rights over coastal waters.
A、nation had the right to include within its territorial dominion only a very narrow band of coastal waters (generally extending three miles from the shoreline), within which it had the authority, but not the responsibility, to regulate all activities.But, because this area of territorial dominion was so limited, most nations did not establish rules for management or protection of their territorial waters.
Regardless of whether or not nations enforced regulations in their territorial waters, large ocean areas remained free of controls or restrictions. The citizens of all nations had the right to use these unrestricted ocean areas for any innocent purpose, including navigation and fishing.Except for controls over its own citizens, no nation had the responsibility to control such activities in international waters.And, since there were few standards of conduct that applied on the "open seas," there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations.
The lack of standards is traceable to popular perceptions held before the middle of this century.By and large, marine pollution was not perceived as a significant problem, in part because the adverse effect of coastal activities on ocean ecosystems was not widely recognized, and pollution caused by human activities was generally believed to be limited to that caused by navigation. Moreover, the freedom to fish, or over-fish, was an essential element of the traditional legal doctrine of freedom of the seas that no maritime country wished to see limiteD、And finally, the technology that later allowed exploitation of other ocean resources, such as oil, did not yet exist.
To date, controlling pollution and regulating ocean resources have still not been comprehensively addressed by law, but two recent developments may actually lead to future international rules providing for ecosystem management. First, the establishment of extensive fishery zones, extending territorial authority as far as 200 miles out from a country’s coast, has provided the opportunity for nations individually to manage larger ecosystems. This opportunity, combined with national self-interest in maintaining fish populations, could lead nations to reevaluate policies for management of their fisheries and to address the problem of pollution in territorial waters. Second, the international community is beginning to understand the importance of preserving the resources and ecology of international waters and to show signs of accepting responsibility for doing so. Thus it will become more likely that international standards and policies for broader regulation of human activities that affect ocean ecosystems will be adopted and implementeD、
Until the mid-twentieth century there were few jurisdictional disputes over international waters because
A、the nearest coastal nation regulated activities.

B、few controls or restrictions applied to ocean areas.
C．the ocean areas were used for only innocent purposes.
D．broad authority over international waters was shared equally among all nations.

网考网参考答案：B
网考网解析：
第二段指出，不管各国是否制定了管制其领海的办法，广阔的海域却没有受到控制或限制，任何国家的人都有权使用这些不受限制的海域，从事航行和捕捞等无害目的的活动。除了限制自己的国民的活动外，任何国家都没有义务控制国际海域中的活动。既然几乎没有行为规范应用于公海，因此也就很少会在国家之间产生管辖权上的冲突。 这一段是第一段的延续，因此这段谈的应该是20世纪中叶以前的情况。 document.getElementById("warp").style.display="none"; document.getElementById("content").style.display="block"; 查看试题解析出处>>