考研考试

【单选题】下列行为中，应以故意杀人罪定罪处罚的是( )。
A．甲在与钱某争吵中，突然抽出随身携带的匕首向钱某刺一刀后扬长而去，致其重伤
B．乙在非法拘禁孙某过程中，使用暴力致孙某死亡
C．丙在绑架李某、向李某家属勒索财物过程中，杀害李某
D．丁对公共建筑物放火，大火烧毁该建筑物，并且烧死二人

【单选题】If open-source software is supposed to be free, how does anyone selling it make any money It’s not that different from how other software companies make money.
You’d think that a software company would make most of its money from, well, selling software.But you’d be wrong. For one thing, companies don’t sell software, strictly speaking; they license it. The profit margin on a software license is nearly 100 percent, which is why Microsoft gushes billions of dollars every quarter.
But what’s the value of a license to a customerA、license doesn’t deliver the code, provide the utilities to get a piece of software running, or answer the phone when something inevitably goes wrong. The value of software, in short, doesn’t lie in the software alone. The value is in making sure the soft ware does its joB、Just as a traveler should look at the overall price of a vacation package instead of obsessing over the price of the plane ticket or hotel room, a smart tech buyer won’t focus on how much the license costs and ignore the support contract or the maintenance agreement.
Open-source is not that different. If you want the software to work, you have to pay to ensure it will work. The open-source companies have refined the software model by selling subscriptions. They roll together support and maintenance and charge an annual fee, which is a healthy model, though not quite as wonderful as Microsoft’s money-raking one. Tellingly, even Microsoft is casting an envious eye at aspects of the open-source business model. The company has been taking halting steps toward a similar subscription scheme for its software sales. Microsoft’s subscription program, known as Soft wareAssurance, provides maintenance and support together with a software license. It lets you up grade to Microsoft’s next version of the software for a predictable sum.But it also contains an implicit threat: If you don’t switch to SoftwareAssurance now, who knows how much Microsoft will charge you when you decide to upgrade
Chief information officers hate this kind of "assurance", since they’re often perfectly happy running older versions of software that are proven and stable. Microsoft, on the other hand, rakes in the software-licensing fees only when customers upgrade. SoftwareAssurance is Microsoft’s attempt to get those same licensing fees but wrap them together with the service and support needed to keep systems running. That’s why Microsoft finds the open-source model so threatening: open-source companies have no vested interest in getting more licensing fees and don’t have to pad their service contracts with that extra cost. In the end, the main difference between open-source and proprietary software companies may be the size of the check you have to write.
According to the passage Microsoft
A、operates a better sales system.
B、uses open-source business model as a reference.
C、forces tech buyers to upgrade the software. ’
D、charges an annual fee for the service and support.

【单选题】下列各项，属于胃气含义的是
A．胃的受纳功能
B．胃的腐熟功能
C．胃的生理功能和生理特性
D．胃的生理功能

【单选题】

stAnDArDEnglish is thE vAriEty oFEnglish whiCh is usuAlly usED in print AnD whiCh is normAlly tAught in sChools AnD to non-nAtivE spEAkErs lEArning thE lAnguAgE. it is Also thE vAriEty whiCh is normAlly{{u}} (1) {{/u}}By EDuCAtED pEoplE AnD usED in nEws BroADCAsts AnD othEr{{u}} (2) {{/u}}situAtions. thE DiFFErEnCE BEtwEEn stAnDArD AnD nonstAnDArD, it shoulD BE notED, hAs{{u}} (3) {{/u}}in prinCiplE to Do with DiFFErEnCEs BEtwEEn FormAl AnD ColloquiAl{{u}} (4) {{/u}}; stAnDArDEnglish hAs ColloquiAl As wEll As FormAl vAriAnts. {{u}} (5) {{/u}}, thE stAnDArD vAriEty oFEnglish is BAsED on thE lonDon{{u}} (6) {{/u}}oFEnglish thAt DEvElopED AFtEr thE normAnConquEst rEsultED in thE rEmovAl oF thECourt From winChEstEr to lonDon. this DiAlECt BECAmE thE onE{{u}} (7) {{/u}}By thE EDuCAtED, AnD it wAs DEvElopED AnD promotED{{u}} (8) {{/u}}A moDEl, or norm, For wiDEr AnD wiDEr sEgmEnts oF soCiEty. it wAs Also thE{{u}} (9) {{/u}}thAt wAs CArriED ovErsEAs, But not onE unAFFECtED By suCh Export. toDAy,{{u}} (10) {{/u}}English is ArrAngED to thE ExtEnt thAt tilE grAmmAr AnD voCABulAry oFEnglish ArE{{u}} (11) {{/u}}thE sAmE EvErywhErE in thE worlD whErEEnglish is usED;{{u}} (12) {{/u}}Among loCAl stAnDArDs is rEAlly quitE minor,{{u}} (13) {{/u}}thE singAporE, southAFriCA, AnD irish vAriEtiEs ArE rEAlly vEry{{u}} (14) {{/u}}DiFFErEnt From onE AnothEr so FAr As grAmmAr AnD voCABulAry ArE{{u}} (15) {{/u}}.inDEED, stAnDArDEnglish is so powErFul thAt it ExErts A trEmEnDous{{u}} (16) {{/u}}on All loCAl vAriEtiEs, to thE ExtEnt thAt mAny oF long-EstABlishED DiAlECts oFEnglAnD hAvE{{u}} (17) {{/u}}muCh oF thEir vigor AnD thErE is ConsiDErABlE prEssurE on thEm to BE{{u}} (18) {{/u}}. this lAttEr situAtion is not uniquE{{u}} (19) {{/u}}English: it is Also truE in othEr CountriEs whErE proCEssEs oF stAnDArDizAtion ArE{{u}} (20) {{/u}}.But it somEtimEs CrEAtEs proBlEms For spEAkErs who try to strikE somE kinD oF CompromisE BEtwEEn loCAl norms AnD nAtionAl, EvEn suprAnAtionAl onEs.

A．BAsis
B．norm
C．rulE
D．vAriEty

【单选题】

stAnDArDEnglish is thE vAriEty oFEnglish whiCh is usuAlly usED in print AnD whiCh is normAlly tAught in sChools AnD to non-nAtivE spEAkErs lEArning thE lAnguAgE. it is Also thE vAriEty whiCh is normAlly{{u}} (1) {{/u}}By EDuCAtED pEoplE AnD usED in nEws BroADCAsts AnD othEr{{u}} (2) {{/u}}situAtions. thE DiFFErEnCE BEtwEEn stAnDArD AnD nonstAnDArD, it shoulD BE notED, hAs{{u}} (3) {{/u}}in prinCiplE to Do with DiFFErEnCEs BEtwEEn FormAl AnD ColloquiAl{{u}} (4) {{/u}}; stAnDArDEnglish hAs ColloquiAl As wEll As FormAl vAriAnts. {{u}} (5) {{/u}}, thE stAnDArD vAriEty oFEnglish is BAsED on thE lonDon{{u}} (6) {{/u}}oFEnglish thAt DEvElopED AFtEr thE normAnConquEst rEsultED in thE rEmovAl oF thECourt From winChEstEr to lonDon. this DiAlECt BECAmE thE onE{{u}} (7) {{/u}}By thE EDuCAtED, AnD it wAs DEvElopED AnD promotED{{u}} (8) {{/u}}A moDEl, or norm, For wiDEr AnD wiDEr sEgmEnts oF soCiEty. it wAs Also thE{{u}} (9) {{/u}}thAt wAs CArriED ovErsEAs, But not onE unAFFECtED By suCh Export. toDAy,{{u}} (10) {{/u}}English is ArrAngED to thE ExtEnt thAt tilE grAmmAr AnD voCABulAry oFEnglish ArE{{u}} (11) {{/u}}thE sAmE EvErywhErE in thE worlD whErEEnglish is usED;{{u}} (12) {{/u}}Among loCAl stAnDArDs is rEAlly quitE minor,{{u}} (13) {{/u}}thE singAporE, southAFriCA, AnD irish vAriEtiEs ArE rEAlly vEry{{u}} (14) {{/u}}DiFFErEnt From onE AnothEr so FAr As grAmmAr AnD voCABulAry ArE{{u}} (15) {{/u}}.inDEED, stAnDArDEnglish is so powErFul thAt it ExErts A trEmEnDous{{u}} (16) {{/u}}on All loCAl vAriEtiEs, to thE ExtEnt thAt mAny oF long-EstABlishED DiAlECts oFEnglAnD hAvE{{u}} (17) {{/u}}muCh oF thEir vigor AnD thErE is ConsiDErABlE prEssurE on thEm to BE{{u}} (18) {{/u}}. this lAttEr situAtion is not uniquE{{u}} (19) {{/u}}English: it is Also truE in othEr CountriEs whErE proCEssEs oF stAnDArDizAtion ArE{{u}} (20) {{/u}}.But it somEtimEs CrEAtEs proBlEms For spEAkErs who try to strikE somE kinD oF CompromisE BEtwEEn loCAl norms AnD nAtionAl, EvEn suprAnAtionAl onEs.

A．FormAl
B．ColloquiAl
C．non-stAnDArD
D．stAnDArD

【单选题】

stAnDArDEnglish is thE vAriEty oFEnglish whiCh is usuAlly usED in print AnD whiCh is normAlly tAught in sChools AnD to non-nAtivE spEAkErs lEArning thE lAnguAgE. it is Also thE vAriEty whiCh is normAlly{{u}} (1) {{/u}}By EDuCAtED pEoplE AnD usED in nEws BroADCAsts AnD othEr{{u}} (2) {{/u}}situAtions. thE DiFFErEnCE BEtwEEn stAnDArD AnD nonstAnDArD, it shoulD BE notED, hAs{{u}} (3) {{/u}}in prinCiplE to Do with DiFFErEnCEs BEtwEEn FormAl AnD ColloquiAl{{u}} (4) {{/u}}; stAnDArDEnglish hAs ColloquiAl As wEll As FormAl vAriAnts. {{u}} (5) {{/u}}, thE stAnDArD vAriEty oFEnglish is BAsED on thE lonDon{{u}} (6) {{/u}}oFEnglish thAt DEvElopED AFtEr thE normAnConquEst rEsultED in thE rEmovAl oF thECourt From winChEstEr to lonDon. this DiAlECt BECAmE thE onE{{u}} (7) {{/u}}By thE EDuCAtED, AnD it wAs DEvElopED AnD promotED{{u}} (8) {{/u}}A moDEl, or norm, For wiDEr AnD wiDEr sEgmEnts oF soCiEty. it wAs Also thE{{u}} (9) {{/u}}thAt wAs CArriED ovErsEAs, But not onE unAFFECtED By suCh Export. toDAy,{{u}} (10) {{/u}}English is ArrAngED to thE ExtEnt thAt tilE grAmmAr AnD voCABulAry oFEnglish ArE{{u}} (11) {{/u}}thE sAmE EvErywhErE in thE worlD whErEEnglish is usED;{{u}} (12) {{/u}}Among loCAl stAnDArDs is rEAlly quitE minor,{{u}} (13) {{/u}}thE singAporE, southAFriCA, AnD irish vAriEtiEs ArE rEAlly vEry{{u}} (14) {{/u}}DiFFErEnt From onE AnothEr so FAr As grAmmAr AnD voCABulAry ArE{{u}} (15) {{/u}}.inDEED, stAnDArDEnglish is so powErFul thAt it ExErts A trEmEnDous{{u}} (16) {{/u}}on All loCAl vAriEtiEs, to thE ExtEnt thAt mAny oF long-EstABlishED DiAlECts oFEnglAnD hAvE{{u}} (17) {{/u}}muCh oF thEir vigor AnD thErE is ConsiDErABlE prEssurE on thEm to BE{{u}} (18) {{/u}}. this lAttEr situAtion is not uniquE{{u}} (19) {{/u}}English: it is Also truE in othEr CountriEs whErE proCEssEs oF stAnDArDizAtion ArE{{u}} (20) {{/u}}.But it somEtimEs CrEAtEs proBlEms For spEAkErs who try to strikE somE kinD oF CompromisE BEtwEEn loCAl norms AnD nAtionAl, EvEn suprAnAtionAl onEs.

A．grEAt
B．muCh
C．no
D．littlE

【单选题】WhenDr. John W.Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University ofCalifornia and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of "ecocide" in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following:
A、large nuclear plant like that in Kalkar, the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material in WesternEurope, of which one table-spoonful of plutonium-239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties.
In 1972 the U.S. Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration ruled that the asbestos level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation ofChemical and General Workers’ Unions report that the 2-fiber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at aBritish asbestos factory.But when the workers at theBritish factory had been reexamined by another physician, 40--70 percent had X-ray evidence of lung abnormalities.According to present medical information at the factory in question, out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lung cancer.An averageEuropean orAmerican worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. "We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker," statesDr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York.
It is now also clear that vinyl chloride, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel cells of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the "Watergate cover-up." "There has been evidence of potentially serious disease among polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities," summed upDr. Selikoff in the New Scientist.At least 17 workers have been killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 years was not followed up.And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the "safe limit" imposed byDowChemicalCompany. (422 words)
Notes: plutonium 钚。asbestos 石棉。polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯。
The style of the second paragraph is mainly
[A] factual.
[B] sarcastiC、
[C] emotional.
[D] argumentative.

【分析解答题】Americans have always been excessive worshippers of what William James called “the bitch goddess success”. Self-help gurus have topped the bestseller lists sinceBenjamin Franklin published his autobiography.Americans are much more likely thanEuropeans to believe that people can get ahead in life so long as they are willing to work harD、And they are much more likely to choose a high-paying job that carries a risk of redundancy than a lower-paid job that guarantees security.
But you can’t have winners without losers (or how would you know how well you are doing?).And you can’t broaden opportunity without also broadening the opportunity to fail. For instance, until relatively recently, blacks could not blame themselves for their failure in the “race of life”, inAbraham Lincoln’s phrase, because they were debarred from so many parts of it. Now the barriers are lifted, the picture is more complicateD、
All of which creates a huge problem: how exactly should a hyper-competitive society deal with its losers? It’s all very well to note that drunkards and slackers get what they deserve.But what about the honest toilers? One way to deal with the problem is to offer people as many second chances as possible. In his intriguing new book “Born Losers:
A、History of Failure inAmerica”, Scott Sandage argues that the mid-nineteenth century saw a redefinition of failure—from something that had described a lousy business to something that defined a whole life.
Yet one of the striking things aboutAmerica is how valiantly it has resisted the idea that there is any such thing as a born loser.American schools resist streaming their pupils much longer than theirEuropean counterparts: the whole point is to fit in rather than stand out.American higher education has numerous points of entry and reentry.And theAmerican legal system has some of the most generous bankruptcy rules in the worlD、InEurope, a bankrupt is often still a ruined man; inAmerica, he is a risk-taking entrepreneur.
American history—not to mentionAmerican folklore—is replete with examples of people who tried and tried again until they made a success of their lives. Lincoln was a bankrupt storekeeper. Henry Ford was a serial failure.At 40, Thomas Watson, the architect of IBM, faced prison.America’s past is also full of people who came back from the brink.
A、second way to deal with losers is to celebrate them. Perhaps in reaction to the relentless boosterism of business life,American popular culture often sympathises with losers.But even in the loser-loving bits of popular culture, theAmerican obsession with success has a habit of winning through. More often than not, born losers turn out to be winners in disguise.
31.According to paragraph 1, why areAmericans “much more likely to choose a high-paying job that carries a risk of redundancy than a lower-paid job that guarantees security”?
[A]Because they don’t mind taking risks.
[B]BecauseAmericans believe in the idea of “no pain, no gain”.
[C]BecauseAmericans rely a lot on self瞙elp books written by famous people.
[D]Because a having high瞤aying job is how manyAmericans view success.
32. Paragraph 2 suggests that ________________
[A]America was once a racist country.
[B] blackAmericans now have equal rights.
[C] if you give someone the chance to succeed, you also give them the chance to fail.
[D] you can know how successful you are by seeing how many people are failing.
33. The “honest toilers” mentioned in paragraph 3 refer to__________________
[A] lazy people and alcoholics.
[B] trustworthy workers.
[C] people who fail even though they try harD、
[D] born losers—people who need lots of second chances in order to succeeD、
34. We can learn from paragraph 4____________
[A] that the United States is better thanEurope.
[B] thatAmerican society is designed to give people many opportunities.
[C] that theAmerican system is better for children and businessmen.
[D] that Scott Sandage’s book is largely irrelevant to modernAmerican society.
35.According to paragraph 5, which of these is NOT an example of whyAmericans might like losers?
[A] They often succeed in the enD、
[B] Losers often have legal problems.
[C] There is sometimes a dislike of people who enthusiastically promote business.
[D] Some very famousAmericans were once losers.

【多选题】资本周转理论着重阐明的问题是()
A、价值如何增殖的问题
B、资本运动连续性的条件问题
C、制约资本运动速度的因素
D、资本周转速度对商品生产和价值增殖的影响