| MBA易错题（2019/3/8） |
| 第1题：Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.Amazon. com received one for its" one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U. S. court ofAppeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In reBilski, as the case is known ,is "a very big deal", saysDennisD、Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It" has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents. " Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state StreetBank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. TheBilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state streetBank ruling. The FederalCircuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supremeCourt that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. LastApril, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for" inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are" reacting to the anti-patent trend at the SupremeCourt", says Harold C、Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. Which of the following would be the subject of the text A、 A、looming threat to business-method patents. B、Protection for business-method patent holders. C、 A、legal case regarding business-method patents. D、 A、prevailing trend against business-method patents. |
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| 第2题：众所周知，每一位活着的、或者曾经生存过的人都有父母双亲。因此，3000年前的人口数量要比现在多。 以下哪项最能指出上述论证中存在的漏洞
A．上述推理忽略了在过去3000年间没留下后代的那些人。 B．上述推理没有考虑饥荒、瘟疫和战争等灾难对人口数量增长的影响。 C．上述推理没有考虑到，对3000年前人口数量进行精确估计是不可能的。 D．上述推理对于人口数量呈算术级数增加的效应估计过高。 E．上述推理没有考虑到，同一父母可能有多位子女。 |
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| 第3题：With 950 million people, India ranks second toChina among the most populous countries.But sinceChina (1) a family planning program in 1971, India has been dosing the (2) . Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly (3) theChinese have. If current growth rates continue, India’s population will (4) China’s around the year 2028 (5) about 1.7 billion. Should that happen, it won’t be the (6) of the enlightened women of Kerala, a state in southern IndiA、 (7) India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala’s population is virtually (8) . The reason is no mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control, (9) about 40% in the entire nation. The difference (10) the emphasis put on health programs (11) birth control, by the state authorities, (12) in 1957 became India’s first electedCommunist (13) .And an educational tradition and matrilineal customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get (14) good schooling. While one in three Indian women is (15) , 90% of those in Kerala can read and write. Higher literacy rates (16) family planning. "Unlike our parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have (17) of them," says LailaCherian, 33, who lives in the village of Kudamaloor. She has limited herself (18) three children-one below the national (19) of four. That kind of restraint will keep Kerala from putting added (20) on world food supplies. A．benefited from B．involved with C．compared with D．resulted from |
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| 第4题：The invention of both labor-saving tools and tools of intelligence is rarely accidental. Instead, it is usually the product of human need; (21) is truly the mother of invention. People usually devise tools to (22) for natural deficiencies. For example, people invented weapons to defend (23) from physically superior (24) .But (25) is only one incentive for inventions. People also invent (26) tools to (27) certain established tasks more efficiently. For instance, people developed the bow and arrow from the (28) spear or javelin in order to shoot (29) and strike with greater strength. (30) civilizations developed, greater work efficiency came to be demanded, and (31) tools became more (32) .A、tool would (33) a function until it proved (34) in meeting human needs, at which point an improvement would be made. One impetus for invention has always been the (35) for speed and high-quality results--provided they are achieved (36) reasonable costs. Stone pebbles were sufficient to account for small quantities of possessions, (37) they were not efficient enough for performing sophisticated mathematics. However, beads arranged systematically evolved into the abacus. The (38) of this tool can be (39) to the development of commerce in theEast around 3000B、C、, and the abacus is known (40) by the ancientBabylonians,Egyptians,Chinese, etC、 A、imaginationB、creativity C、necessity D、illusion |
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| 第5题：{{B}}练习二十{{/B}} Conservatism in financing. The companies did not risk their capital gratuitously. They understood the meaning of money in an old-fashioned way; they knew the usefulness of spare cash in the kitty. Money in hand allowed them to snap up options when their competitors could not. They did not have to convince third-party financiers of the attractiveness of opportunities they wanted to pursue. Money in the kitty allowed them to govern their growth and evolution. Sensitivity to the world around them. Whether they had built their fortunes on knowledge (such asDupont’s technological innovations) or on natural resources (such as the Hudson’sBayCompany’s access to the furs ofCanadian forests), the living companies in our study were able to adapt themselves to changes in the world around them.As wars, depressions, technologies, and politics surged and ebbed, they always seemed to excel at keeping their feelers out, staying attuned to whatever was going on. For information, they sometimes relied on packets carried over vast distances by portage and ship, yet they managed to react in a timely fashion to whatever news they receiveD、They were good at learning and adapting. Awareness of their identity. No matter how broadly diversified the companies were, their employees all felt like parts of a whole. LordCole, chairman of Unilever in the 1960s, for example, saw the company as a fleet of ships.Each ship was independent, but the whole fleet was greater than the sum of its parts. The feeling of belonging to an organization and identifying with its achievements is often dismissed as soft.But case histories repeatedly show that a sense of community is essential for long-term survival. Managers in the living companies we studied were chosen mostly from within, and all considered themselves to be stewards of a longstanding enterprise. Their top priority was keeping the institution at least as healthy as it had been when they took over. Tolerance of new ideas. The long-lived companies in our study tolerated activities in the margin: experiments and eccentricities that stretched their understanding. They recognized that new businesses may be entirely unrelated to existing businesses and that the act of starting a business need not be centrally controlleD、W.R. Grace, from its very beginning, encouraged autonomous experimentation. The company was founded in 1854 by an Irish immigrant in Peru and traded in guano, a natural fertilizer, before it moved into sugar and tin.Eventually, the company established PanAmericanAirways. Today it is primarily a chemical company, although it is also the leading provider of kidney dialysis services in the United States. By definition, a company that survives for more than a century exists in a world it cannot hope to control. Multinational companies are similar to the long-surviving companies of our study in that way. The world of a multinational is very large and stretches across many cultures. That world is inherently less stable and more difficult to influence than a confined national habitat. Multinationals, like enduring companies, must be willing to change in order to succeeD、 These four traits form the essential character of companies that have functioned successfully for hundreds of years. Given this basic personality, what priorities do the managers of living companies set for themselves and their employees |