| MBA每日一练（2019/3/13） |
| 第1题：One of the questions that is coming into focus as we face growing scarcity of resources of many kinds in the world is how to divide limited resources among countries. In the international development community, the conventional wisdom has been that the 2 billion people living in poor countries could never expect to reach the standard of living that most of us in NorthAmerica enjoy, simply because the world does not contain enough iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on.At the same time, we in the United States have continued to pursue super affluence as though there were no limits on how much we could consume. We make up 6 percent of the world’s people; yet we consume one-third of the world’s resources. As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our own boundaries, this was largely an internal matter.But as our resources come more and more from the outside world, "outsiders" are going to have some say over the rate at which and terms under which we consume. We will no longer be able to think in terms of "our" resources and "their" resources, but only of common resources. AsAmericans consuming such a disproportionate share of the world’s resources, we have to question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of super affluence in a world of scarcity. We are now reaching the point where we must carefully examine’ the presumed link between our level of well-being and the level of material goods consumeD、If you have only one crust of bread and get another crust of bread, your well-being is greatly enhanceD、But if you have a loaf of bread, then an additional crust of bread doesn’t make that much difference. In the eyes of most of the world today,Americans have their loaf of bread and are asking for still more. People elsewhere are beginning to ask why. This is the question we’re going to have to answer, whether we’re trying to persuade countries to step up their exports of oil to us or trying to convince them that we ought to be permitted to maintain our share of the world fish catch. The prospect of a scarcity of, and competition for, the world’s resources requires that we reexamine the way in which we relate to the rest of the worlD、It means we find ways of cutting back on resource consumption that is dependent on the resources and cooperation of other countries. We cannot expect people in these countries to concern themselves with our worsening energy and food shortages unless we demonstrate some concern for the hunger, illiteracy and disease that are diminishing life for them. The writer warnsAmericans that ______. A、their excessive consumption has caused world resource exhaustion B、they are confronted with the problem of how to obtain more material goods C、their unfair share of the world’s resources should give way to proper division among countries D、they have to discard their cars for lack of fossil fuel in the world |
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| 第2题：The invention of both labor-saving tools and tools of intelligence is rarely accidental. Instead, it is usually the product of human need; (21) is truly the mother of invention. People usually devise tools to (22) for natural deficiencies. For example, people invented weapons to defend (23) from physically superior (24) .But (25) is only one incentive for inventions. People also invent (26) tools to (27) certain established tasks more efficiently. For instance, people developed the bow and arrow from the (28) spear or javelin in order to shoot (29) and strike with greater strength. (30) civilizations developed, greater work efficiency came to be demanded, and (31) tools became more (32) .A、tool would (33) a function until it proved (34) in meeting human needs, at which point an improvement would be made. One impetus for invention has always been the (35) for speed and high-quality results--provided they are achieved (36) reasonable costs. Stone pebbles were sufficient to account for small quantities of possessions, (37) they were not efficient enough for performing sophisticated mathematics. However, beads arranged systematically evolved into the abacus. The (38) of this tool can be (39) to the development of commerce in theEast around 3000B、C、, and the abacus is known (40) by the ancientBabylonians,Egyptians,Chinese, etC、 A、inefficientB、effectiveC、adequate D、sufficient |
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| 第3题：Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example,Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else’s accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A、further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal dat A、There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. A、silent B．sudden C．slow D．steady |
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| 第4题：{{B}}Passage 11{{/B}} The great {{U}} (9) {{/U}} from the hardware era include those of the Hewlett and Packard families, of Hewlett-Packard, which started {{U}} (10) {{/U}} money in the presilicon era, with scientific instruments. The Packard Foundation, with {{U}} (11) {{/U}} of ＄10 billion, recently {{U}} (12) {{/U}} the Ford Foundation as the nation’s third-largest private foundation The {{U}} (13) {{/U}} hardware company of the 1990s is Intel, {{U}} (14) {{/U}} Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers {{U}} (15) {{/U}} the Macintosh. The second {{U}} (16) {{/U}} of wealth creation involved software—"application" software that people use for work or recreation, like word-processing programs or computer games, and "systems" software used to {{U}} (17) {{/U}} businesses or, very often, computer networks {{U}} (18) {{/U}}. The difference between software and hardware provides a classic illustration of {{U}} (19) {{/U}} economists mean by "increasing returns to scale."Because the cost of producing additional units of software—the "marginal cost"- is extremely low, {{U}} (20) {{/U}} you become the market leader in a field, your profits grow astronomically. |
| 第5题： {{B}}PartA{{/B}} Directions: Read the following four passages.Answer the questions blow each passage by choosingA,B,C、andD． {{B}}Text 1{{/B}} After observing the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, "It’s a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this " "I don’t know," replied Faraday, "but I do know that 100 years from now you’ll be taxing them. " From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4, 000 years ago to the workings of the greatEgyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms ... to Hannibal’s remarkable feat of crossing theAlps in 218B．C．with 90, 000 foot soldiers, 12, 000 horsemen and a "conveyor belt" of 40 elephants ... or to the earlyChristianChurch, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality. These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, division of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today.But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18-centuryEngland, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes, among them John Kay’s Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1770, SamuelCrompton’s Mule Spinner in 1779 andEdmundCartwright’s Power Loom in 1785． |
| 第6题： One of the most interesting of all studies is the study of words and word origins.Each language is {{U}} (1) {{/U}} of several earlier languages, and the words of a language can sometimes be traced {{U}} (2) {{/U}} through two or three different languages to their {{U}} (3) {{/U}}Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and {{U}} (4) {{/U}} a new meaning. The word "etiquette", which is {{U}} (5) {{/U}} French origin and originally meant a label, {{U}} (6) {{/U}} a sign, passed into Spanish and kept its original meaning. So in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to {{U}} (7) {{/U}} the small tags which a store {{U}} (8) {{/U}} to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, {{U}} (9) {{/U}}, gradually developed a different meaning. It {{U}} (10) {{/U}} became the custom to write directions on small cards or "etiquette" as to how visitors should dress themselves and {{U}} (11) {{/U}} during an important ceremony at the royal court. {{U}} (12) {{/U}}, the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow. {{U}} (13) {{/U}} this meaning, the word passed intoEnglish. Consider the word "breakfast". "To fast" is to go for some period of time without {{U}} (14) {{/U}} . Thus, in the morning, after many hours {{U}} (15) {{/U}} the night without food, one {{U}} (16) {{/U}} one’s fast. Consider the everydayEnglish {{U}} (17) {{/U}} "Good-bye". Many years ago, people would say to each other {{U}} (18) {{/U}} parting: "God be with you."As this was {{U}} (19) {{/U}} over and over millions of times, it gradually became {{U}} (20) {{/U}} to "good-bye". |
| 第7题： Managing this new order is fast becoming a central {{U}} (28) {{/U}} of global politics.Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to {{U}} (29) {{/U}} scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, {{U}} (30) {{/U}} how unpleasant, to do it. In many poor nations with oil, the profits are being lost to corruption, {{U}} (31) {{/U}} these countries of their best hope for development.And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, {{U}} (32) {{/U}} some in the West see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil {{U}} (33) {{/U}}, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies.But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, {{U}} (34) {{/U}} costs, from higher prices.Consider Germany. {{U}} (35) {{/U}} it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the MiddleEast. German exports to Russia {{U}} (36) {{/U}} 128 percent from 2001 to 2006. In the United States, as already high gas prices rose {{U}} (37) {{/U}} higher in the spring of 2008, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama {{U}} (38) {{/U}} for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months.And driving habits began to {{U}} (39) {{/U}}, as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems {{U}} (40) {{/U}} the country reported a sharp increase in riders. |
| 第8题：One of the questions that is coming into focus as we face growing scarcity of resources of many kinds in the world is how to divide limited resources among countries. In the international development community, the conventional wisdom has been that the 2 billion people living in poor countries could never expect to reach the standard of living that most of us in NorthAmerica enjoy, simply because the world does not contain enough iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on.At the same time, we in the United States have continued to pursue super affluence as though there were no limits on how much we could consume. We make up 6 percent of the world’s people; yet we consume one-third of the world’s resources. As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our own boundaries, this was largely an internal matter.But as our resources come more and more from the outside world, "outsiders" are going to have some say over the rate at which and terms under which we consume. We will no longer be able to think in terms of "our" resources and "their" resources, but only of common resources. AsAmericans consuming such a disproportionate share of the world’s resources, we have to question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of super affluence in a world of scarcity. We are now reaching the point where we must carefully examine’ the presumed link between our level of well-being and the level of material goods consumeD、If you have only one crust of bread and get another crust of bread, your well-being is greatly enhanceD、But if you have a loaf of bread, then an additional crust of bread doesn’t make that much difference. In the eyes of most of the world today,Americans have their loaf of bread and are asking for still more. People elsewhere are beginning to ask why. This is the question we’re going to have to answer, whether we’re trying to persuade countries to step up their exports of oil to us or trying to convince them that we ought to be permitted to maintain our share of the world fish catch. The prospect of a scarcity of, and competition for, the world’s resources requires that we reexamine the way in which we relate to the rest of the worlD、It means we find ways of cutting back on resource consumption that is dependent on the resources and cooperation of other countries. We cannot expect people in these countries to concern themselves with our worsening energy and food shortages unless we demonstrate some concern for the hunger, illiteracy and disease that are diminishing life for them. What is the conclusion of this passage A、The United States will be isolated if it does not stop pursuing super affluence. B、The poor countries will no longer supply the United States with their goods. C、The United States should care about the well-being of other countries. D、It is time for theAmericans to help the people in poor countries to improve their living standards. |
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| 第9题：Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans are able to (1) , to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future.A、meaningless, (2) world is an insecure worlD、We do not like extensive insecurity. When it (3) to human behavior we infer meaning and (4) to make the behavior understandable. (5) all this means is that people develop "quasi theories" of human behavior, that is, theories that are not developed in a(an) (6) , scientific manner. When doing so, people believe they know (7) humans do the things they do. Let’s consider an example. In the United States people have been (8) with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be victims.But it (9) bothers us that people behave in such ways. Why can such things happen We develop quasi theories. We (10) concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we (11) it: our criminal justice system is (12) ; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values weaken (13) the influence of liberal ideas; too many people are (14) drugs. These explanations suggest possible solutions. (15) the courts; put more people in jail as examples to other lawbreaker. There is now hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we (16) these solutions.Again, the world is no longer meaningless nor (17) so threatening. These quasi theories (18) serve a very important function for us.But how accurate are they How (19) will the suggested solutions be These questions must be answered with (20) to how people normally go about developing or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior. A．effective B．efficient C．sufficient D．capable |
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| 第10题：TheAfricans’ interest is to guard preferential export rules enshrined in the temporaryAfrican Growth and OpportunityAct, passed byCongress in 2,000. Tariff-free exports of some 6,000 goods fromAfrica to the United States are boosting trade and investment in southernAfric A、Lesotho’s fast-growing textile industry depends almost entirely onChinese investment in factories to make clothes for sale in the United States. The region also wants more access toAmerica’s markets for fruit, beef and other agricultural goods. American interest lies mainly in SouthAfrica, by far the largest economy in the region. Services account for 60% of its GDP, and it increasingly dominates the rest ofAfrica in banking, information technology, telecom, retail’ and other areas. Just asBritish banks, such asBarclays, have moved theirAfrican headquarters to SouthAfrica over the past year,American investors see the country as a platform to the rest of the continent. Agreeing investment rules and resolving differences on intellectual property rights are the most urgent issues.American drug firms want to be part of the fast expansion in SouthAfrica of production of anti-retroviral drugs, used againstAIDS.By 2007 SouthAfrica alone expects 1.2m patients to take the drugs daily. The country might be the world’s biggest exporter of anti-AIDS drugs within a few years. Striking a bilateral deal now should makeAmerican investments easier. But Mr. Zoellick’s greater concern is for multilateral trade talks that stalled inCancun, Mexico, in September.AlecErwin, his SouthAfrican counterpart, helped to organize the G20 group of poor and middle-income countries that opposed jointAmerican-EU proposals there; he is widely tipped to take over as head of the World Trade Organization late next year, and would be a useful ally. So Mr. Zoellick is trying to charm hisAfrican partner by agreeing to drop support for most of a group of issues (known as "Singapore" issues) that jammed up the talks atCancun, and were opposed by poor countries; he says he also favors abolishing export subsidies inAmerica--though only if Japan and theEU agree to do the same. That would pleaseAfrican exporters who say such subsidies destroy markets for their goods. Mr. Zoellick’s efforts to make more friends may be paying off.Even thoughAmerica has treatedAfrica very shabbily on trade in the past, Mr.Erwin hints it is easier doing business withAmerica than withEurope or Japan. A、small sign, but perhaps a telling one. Mr. Zoellick is trying to establish a good relationship with Mr.Erwin because ______. A、Mr.Erwin is organizing a group of, poor and middle-income countries to opposeAmeric A、 B、Mr.Erwin is a very talented and tactful diplomat in the world political circle C、Mr.Erwin’s possible position in the coming future will be helpful toAmerican interests D、Mr.Erwin’s relationship with Japanese andEuropean leaders is useful to the U.S. |
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