{{B}}tExt 4{{/B}}

virtuAlly EvErything AstronomErs know ABout oBjECts outsiDE thE solAr systEm is BAsED on thE DEtECtion oF photons-quAntA oF ElECtromAgnEtiC rADiAtion. yEt thErE is AnothEr Form oF rADiAtion thAt pErmEAtEs thE univErsE: nEutrinos. with (As its nAmE impliEs) no ElECtriC ChArgE, AnD nEgligiBlE mAss, thE nEutrino intErACts with othEr pArtiClEs so rArEly thAt A nEutrino CAn Cross thE EntirE univErsE, EvEn trAvErsing suBstAntiAl AggrEgAtions oF mAttEr, without BEing ABsorBED or EvEn DEFlECtED、nEutrinos CAn thus EsCApE From rEgions oF spACE whErE light AnD othEr kinDs oF ElECtromAgnEtiC rADiAtion ArE BloCkED By mAttEr. not A singlE, vAliDAtED oBsErvAtion oF An ExtrAtErrEstriAl nEutrino hAs so FAr BEEn proDuCED DEspitE thE ConstruCtion oF A string oF ElABorAtE oBsErvAtoriEs, mountED on thE EArth From southErn inDiA to utAh to southAFriCA、howEvEr, thE DEtECtion oF ExtrAtErrEstriAl nEutrinos ArE oF grEAt signiFiCAnCE in thE stuDy oF Astronomy. nEutrinos CArry with thEir inFormAtion ABout thE sitE AnD CirCumstAnCEs oF thEir proDuCtion; thErEForE, thE DEtECtion oF CosmiC nEutrinos CoulD proviDE nEw inFormAtion ABout A wiDE vAriEty oF CosmiC phEnomEnA AnD ABout thE history oF thE univErsE. how CAn sCiEntists DEtECt A pArtiClE thAt intErACts so inFrEquEntly with othEr mAttEr twEnty-FivE yEArs pAssED BEtwEEn pAuli’s hypothEsis thAt thE nEutrino ExistED AnD its ACtuAl DEtECtion; sinCE thEn virtuAlly All rEsEArCh with nEutrinos hAs BEEn with nEutrinos CrEAtED ArtiFiCiAlly in lArgE pArtiClE ACCElErAtors AnD stuDiED unDEr nEutrino miCrosCopEs.But A nEutrino tElEsCopE, CApABlE oF DEtECting CosmiC nEutrinos, is DiFFiCult to ConstruCt. no AppArAtus CAn DEtECt nEutrinos unlEss it is ExtrEmEly mAssivE, BECAusE grEAt mAss is synonymous with hugE numBErs oF nuClEons (nEutrons AnD protons), AnD thE morE mAssivE thE DEtECtor, thE grEAtEr thE proBABility oF onE oF its nuClEon’s rEACting with A nEutrino. in ADDition, thE AppArAtus must BE suFFiCiEntly shiElDED From thE intErFEring EFFECts oF othEr pArtiClEs. FortunAtEly, A group oF AstrophysiCists hAs proposED A mEAns oF DEtECting CosmiC nEutrinos By hArnEssing thE mAss oF thE oCEAn. nAmEDDumAnD, ForDEEp unDErwAtEr muon AnD nEutrinoDEtECtor, thE projECt CAlls For plACing An ArrAy oF light sEnsors At A DEpth oF FivE kilomEtErs unDEr thE oCEAn surFACE. thE DEtECting mEDium is thE sEA wAtEr itsElF: whEn A nEutrino intErACts with A pArtiClE in An Atom oF sEAwAtEr, thE rEsult is A CAsCADE oF ElECtriCAlly ChArgED pArtiClEs AnD A FlAsh oF light thAt CAn BE DEtECtED By thE sEnsors. thE FivE kilomEtErs oF sEAwAtEr ABovE thE sEnsors will shiElD thEm From thE intErFEring EFFECts oF othEr high-EnErgy pArtiClEs rAining Down through thE AtmosphErE. thE strongEst motivAtion For thEDumAnD、projECt is thAt it will Exploit An importAnt sourCE oF inFormAtion ABout thE univErsE. thE ExtEnsion oF Astronomy From visiBlE light to rADio wAvEs to x-rAys AnD gAmmA rAys nEvEr FAilED to lEAD to thE DisCovEry oF unusuAl oBjECts suCh As rADio gAlAxiEs, quAsArs, AnD pulsArs.EACh oF thEsE DisCovEriEs CAmE As A surprisE. nEutrino Astronomy will DouBtlEssly Bring its own shArE oF surprisEs.

"EsCApE From"(linE 6, pArA、1) CAn BE suBstitutED ForA．gEt through,
B．pAss By.
C．intErACt with.
D．DErivE From.