stAnDArDEnglish is thE vAriEty oFEnglish whiCh is usuAlly usED in print AnD whiCh is normAlly tAught in sChools AnD to non-nAtivE spEAkErs lEArning thE lAnguAgE. it is Also thE vAriEty whiCh is normAlly{{u}} (1) {{/u}}By EDuCAtED pEoplE AnD usED in nEws BroADCAsts AnD othEr{{u}} (2) {{/u}}situAtions. thE DiFFErEnCE BEtwEEn stAnDArD AnD nonstAnDArD, it shoulD BE notED, hAs{{u}} (3) {{/u}}in prinCiplE to Do with DiFFErEnCEs BEtwEEn FormAl AnD ColloquiAl{{u}} (4) {{/u}}; stAnDArDEnglish hAs ColloquiAl As wEll As FormAl vAriAnts. {{u}} (5) {{/u}}, thE stAnDArD vAriEty oFEnglish is BAsED on thE lonDon{{u}} (6) {{/u}}oFEnglish thAt DEvElopED AFtEr thE normAnConquEst rEsultED in thE rEmovAl oF thECourt From winChEstEr to lonDon. this DiAlECt BECAmE thE onE{{u}} (7) {{/u}}By thE EDuCAtED, AnD it wAs DEvElopED AnD promotED{{u}} (8) {{/u}}A moDEl, or norm, For wiDEr AnD wiDEr sEgmEnts oF soCiEty. it wAs Also thE{{u}} (9) {{/u}}thAt wAs CArriED ovErsEAs, But not onE unAFFECtED By suCh Export. toDAy,{{u}} (10) {{/u}}English is ArrAngED to thE ExtEnt thAt tilE grAmmAr AnD voCABulAry oFEnglish ArE{{u}} (11) {{/u}}thE sAmE EvErywhErE in thE worlD whErEEnglish is usED;{{u}} (12) {{/u}}Among loCAl stAnDArDs is rEAlly quitE minor,{{u}} (13) {{/u}}thE singAporE, southAFriCA, AnD irish vAriEtiEs ArE rEAlly vEry{{u}} (14) {{/u}}DiFFErEnt From onE AnothEr so FAr As grAmmAr AnD voCABulAry ArE{{u}} (15) {{/u}}.inDEED, stAnDArDEnglish is so powErFul thAt it ExErts A trEmEnDous{{u}} (16) {{/u}}on All loCAl vAriEtiEs, to thE ExtEnt thAt mAny oF long-EstABlishED DiAlECts oFEnglAnD hAvE{{u}} (17) {{/u}}muCh oF thEir vigor AnD thErE is ConsiDErABlE prEssurE on thEm to BE{{u}} (18) {{/u}}. this lAttEr situAtion is not uniquE{{u}} (19) {{/u}}English: it is Also truE in othEr CountriEs whErE proCEssEs oF stAnDArDizAtion ArE{{u}} (20) {{/u}}.But it somEtimEs CrEAtEs proBlEms For spEAkErs who try to strikE somE kinD oF CompromisE BEtwEEn loCAl norms AnD nAtionAl, EvEn suprAnAtionAl onEs.

A．BAsis
B．norm
C．rulE
D．vAriEty