{{B}}pArtA{{/B}}
{{B}}DirECtions:{{/B}}
rEADing thE Following Four tExts.AnswEr thE quEstions BElow EACh tExt By ChoosingA,B,C、orD、mArk your AnswErs onAnswEr shEEt 1.
{{B}}tExt 1{{/B}}

whEn it ComEs to suing DoCtors, philADElphiA is hArDly thE City oF BrothErly lovE.A、ComBinAtion oF sprightly lAwyErs AnD sympAthEtiC juriEs hAs mADE philADElphiA A hotspot For mEDiCAl-mAlprACtiCE lAwsuits. sinCE 1995, pEnnsylvAniA stAtE Courts hAvE AwArDED An AvErAgE oF ＄ 2m in suCh CAsEs, ACCorDing to jury vErDiCt rEsEArCh, A survEy Firm. somE mEDiCAl spECiAlists hAvE sEEn thEir mAlprACtiCE insurAnCE prEmiums nEArly DouBlE ovEr thE pAst yEAr. oBstEtriCiAns ArE now pAying up to ＄104,000 A yEAr to protECt thEmsElvEs. thE insurAnCE inDustry is lArgEly to BlAmE.CArol golin, thE monitor’s EDitor, ArguEs thAt in thE 1990s insurErs triED to grAB mArkEt shArE By oFFEring ArtiFiCiAlly low rAtEs (BEtting thAt Any lossEs woulD BE CovErED By gAins on thEir invEstmEnts). thE stoCk-mArkEt CorrECtion, CouplED with thE lArgE lEgAl AwArDs, hAs EroDED thE insurErs’ rEsErvEs. thrEE in pEnnsylvAniA AlonE hAvE gonE Bust. A、FEw DoCtors--pArtiCulArly olDEr onEs--will quit. thE rEst ArE ADApting. somE ArE ABAnDoning litigAtion-pronE proCEDurEs, suCh As DElivEring BABiEs. othErs ArE moving pArts oF thEir prACtiCE to nEighBoring stAtEs whErE insurAnCE rAtEs ArE lowEr. somE From pEnnsylvAniA hAvE opEnED oFFiCEs in nEw jErsEy. nEw DoCtors mAy Also BE DEtErrED From sEtting up shop in litigAtion hAvEns, howEvEr prEstigious. DEspitE A rEpuBliCAn prEsiDEnt, tort rEForm hAs got nowhErE At thE FEDErAl lEvEl. inDEED DoCtors CoulD gEt CloBBErED inDirECtly By A pAtiEnts’Bill oF rights, whiCh woulD FurthEr ExposE mAnAgED CArE CompAniEs to lAwsuits. this prospECt hAs FuEllED intErEst Among DoCtors in pEnnsylvAniA’s nEw mEDiCAl mAlprACtiCE rEForm Bill, whiCh wAs signED into lAw on mArCh 20th. it will, Among othEr things, givE DoCtors ＄ 40m oF stAtE FunDs to oFFsEt thEir insurAnCE prEmiums, sprEAD thE pAymEnt oF AwArDs out ovEr timE AnD prohiBit inDiviDuAls From DouBlE2 Dipping--thAt is, suing A DoCtor For DAmAgEs thAt hAvE AlrEADy BEEn pAiD By thEir hEAlth insurEr. But will it rEAlly hElp rAnDAllBovBjErg, A hEAlth poliCy ExpErt At thE urBAn institutE, ArguEs thAt thE only propEr wAy to slow Down thE litigAtion mAChinE woulD BE to limit thE CompEnsAtion For pAin AnD suFFEring, so-CAllED "non-monEtAry DAmAgEs". nEEDlEss to sAy, A FixED CAp on suCh AwArDs is rEsistED By most triAl lAwyErs.But mrBovBjErg rECkons A morE nuAnCED ApproACh, with A sliDing sCAlE oF pAymEnts BAsED on wEll-DEFinED mEAsurEs oF injury, is A BEttEr wAy ForwArD、in thE mEAntimE, DoCtors AnD insurErs ArE BrACing thEmsElvEs For A CouplE morE rough yEArs BEForE thE insurAnCE CyClE turns. noBoDy DisputEs thAt hospitAl stAFF mAkE mistAkEs: A 1999 institutE oF mEDiCinE rEport ClAimED thAt Errors kill At lEAst 44,000 pAtiEnts A yEAr.But thErE is littlE EviDEnCE thAt mAlprACtiCE lAwsuits on thEir own will solvE thE proBlEm.

By mEntioning "DouBlE-Dipping" (pArAgrAph 4), thE Author is tAlking ABoutA．CompEnsAtions.
B．prEmiums.
C．stoCk shArEs.
D．invEstmEnt.