There are more than forty universities inBritain--nearly twice as many as in 1960.During the 1960s eight completely new ones were founded, and ten other new ones were created (67) converting old colleges of technologies into universities. In the same period the (68) of students more than doubled, from 70 000 to (69) than 200 000.By 1973 about 10% of men aged from eighteen (70) twenty-one were in universities and about 5% of women.All the universities are private institutions.Each has its (71) governing councils, (72) some local businessmen and local politicians as (73) a few academics(大学教师). The state began to give grants to them fifty years (74) , and by 1970 each university derived nearly all its (75) from state grants. Students have to (76) fees and living costs, but every student may receive from the local authority of the place (77) he lives a personal grant which is enough to pay his full costs, including lodging and (78) unless his parents are (79) . Most (80) take jobs in the summer (81) about six weeks, but they do not normally do outside (82) during the academic year. TheDepartment ofEducation takes (83) for the payment which cover the whole expenditure of the (84) , but it does not exercise direct control. It can have an important influence (85) new developments through its power to distribute funds, but it takes the advice of the University GrantsCommittee, a body which is mainly (86) of academics.