【单选题】

Americans have a great love for informality and nowhere is this better expressed than in their love for nicknames. Upon greeting strangers for the first time they will quickly introduce themselves by their nickname. These are shortened forms of their given name at birth and reflect the casual relationships which exist among friends and coworkers. Family names are hardly ever used in daily situations and the use of one’s father’s last name is saved only for rare and formal occasions.

In many traditional cultures the use of the family name is seen as a sign of respect. ForAmericans, however, it’s the nickname which creates an immediate intimacy between two people upon which to build a relationship.By speaking to another on a first name basis and using his nickname walls are immediately torn down and equality between two people is establisheD、
At work bosses will refer to their employees by their nicknames. Should an employer use a worker’s family name, you can be sure that some kind of correction or serious business will follow.
Not only people but cities often carry their own nicknames.Chicago is called the "WindyCity" because of the gusty winds which come down fromCanada throughout the year. Philadelphia is well-known as the "City ofBrotherly Love", St. Louis with its GatewayArch is called "The Gateway to the West", and New YorkCity is considered the "BigApple" for reasons which are still obscure to most people including many New Yorkers. Other cities are merely abbreviations for the sake of convenience. Washington is simply calledD、C、and LosAngeles is L.
A、
Not every nickname, however, is a complement and some can be downright rude and insulting. If someone should demonstrate a certain negative characteristic, a label will soon be attached to describe that person in a non-flattering way. Likewise a person’s physical traits which are very dominant may lead to nicknames but not necessarily to one’s liking or choice.
A、nickname, there- fore, is a way of endearing, identifying, alienating( 使疏远) or describing someone or something for better or worse.
How do manyAmerican employers refer to their employees
A、By their job title.
By their family name.
C．By their work number.
D．By their family name or nickname.