For quEstions 1-6, mAkE thE BEst ChoiCE For EACh oF thEm, AnD For quEstions 7-10, Fill in EACh BlAnk with inFormAtion givEn in thE pAssAgE.
ForgEt-mE-not
ByArtDworkEn
it hAppEns All thE timE: you stuDy For A tEst. thEn whilE you’rE tAking thE tEst, you CAn’t rEmEmBEr somEthing you know you stuDiED、you pAniC, AnD spEnD timE trying to rEmEmBEr thE AnswEr - But By thEn your timE is up.
"i rEAlly stuDiED this," you FrEt.As you hAnD in your pApEr AnD lEAvE ClAss, you rEmEmBEr: " thAt’s it ! i knEw thAt ! "
whEn somEthing likE this hAppEns, it is CAllED A tip-oF-thE-tonguE mEmory lApsE.EvEryonE ExpEriEnCEs thEm. whEn suCh A lApsE oCCurs, you strAin to rEmEmBEr somEthing with no suCCEss At All. thEn, lAtEr, whEn you ArEn’t thinking ABout thE proBlEm, thE mAtEriAl just pops BACk into your minD、
thE strEss oF trying to rEmEmBEr somEthing importAnt - pErhAps During A tEst or whEn spEAking or pErForming in Front oF A group oF pEoplE - ACtuAlly CAn triggEr suCh A momEntAry mEntAl BloCk. this CAn hAppEn EvEn whEn you ArE CErtAin you know thAt " somEthing. " how CAn onE rEliEvE thEsE momEntAry mEntAl log-jAms just lEAving thE ForgottEn suBjECt AlonE For EvEn A FEw sEConDs will somEtimEs FrEE up your rEluCtAnt mEmory.
thErE ArE mAny thEoriEs to ExplAin how mEmory is storED in thE BrAin. onE thing mEmory ExpErts gEnErAlly AgrEE on, howEvEr, is thAt onE’s mEmory BEgins to work Almost At Birth.
ExpErimEnts hAvE BEEn DonE on nEwBorn inFAnts to DEtErminE how EArly in liFE mEmory BEgins. thE inFAnts ArE prEsEntED with A stimulus suCh As A BEll. thE First timE thE BEll is rung thE inFAnts proDuCE A " stArtlE rEACtion. " thE nExt timE thE BEll is rung, thE inFAnts Do not rEACt As strongly.
thE only ExplAnAtion For this DiminishED rEsponsE is thAt thE inFAnts rECognizE thE BEll As somEthing thEy hAvE ExpEriEnCED BEForE. thE stimulus, thErEForE, hAs BEComE FAmiliAr. in this sEnsE, mEmory is AlrEADy prEsEnt.
By onE or two months oF AgE, EvEn morE powErFul mEmory oCCurs.BABiEs thEn CAn rEmEmBEr AnD rECognizE thEir mothErs’ FACEs pEEring ovEr thE siDEs oF thEir CriBs.
oDDly Enough, thErE wAsn’t suCh sCiEntiFiC intErEst in mEmory until FAirly rECEntly. now, howEvEr, rEsEArCh on wAys to EnhAnCE Both mEmory AnD lEArning is tAking plACE At A numBEr oF institutions.
At iowA stAtE univErsity, For instAnCE,Dr.DonAlD sChustEr, A proFEssor oF psyChology, hAs DEmonstrAtED somEthing intErEsting in ControllED lABorAtory stuDiEs. hE FounD thAt A quiEt, pEACEFul AtmosphErE ACCompAniED By BAroquE or othEr ClAssiCAl BACkgrounD musiC CAn FACilitAtE mEmory AnD lEArning. listEning to BAroquE musiC mAy hAvE A DirECt physiologiCAl EFFECt AnD whEn pEoplE ArE CAlm AnD rElAxED, thEy lEArn AnD rEmEmBEr morE.
rEsEArChErs sAy thAt mEmory DiFFiCultiEs ArisE BECAusE oF two FACtors. First, A pErson must storE inFormAtion CorrECtly in mEmory. nExt, thE pErson must BE ABlE to gEt this inFormAtion out oF mEmory AnD usE it whEn it is nEEDED、 iF inFormAtion is not storED CorrECtly, it is plAin thAt it CAn’t BE CAllED Forth ACCurAtEly. so, storing inFormAtion CorrECtly is thE First AnD most importAnt stEp.
somEtimEs thE mEmory proCEss CAn BE mADE EAsiEr By ConsCious usE oF strAtEgiEs. somE strAtEgiEs ArE usEFul During thE mEmorizAtion proCEss, othErs lAtEr For rECAlling whAt wAs lEArnED、
thE strAtEgy oF AssoCiAtion is hElpFul in storing inFormAtion. mAny pEoplE hAvE trouBlE rEmEmBEring nAmEs. this is proBABly BECAusE thEy FAilED to gEt A nAmE right in thE First plACE. vEry oFtEn, pEoplE simply Do not pAy AttEntion whEn othErs ArE introDuCED、
iF you hAvE trouBlE rEmEmBEring nAmEs, try A strAtEgy oF AssoCiAtion. For ExAmplE, sAy you wErE introDuCED to A plAin young womAn nAmED joyCE millEr wEll, iF shE wErE A hAppy young womAn, you CoulD AssoCiAtE hE