why winnErs win At…
thE nEw sCiEnCE oF triumph in sports, BusinEss, AnD liFE.
As A quiCkly rising nEw stAr in proFEssionAl tEnnis,AnDrEAgAssi hAD unDErgonE BittEr FAilurE By thE EArly 1990’s,losing gAmEs AgAin AnD AgAin. things hAvE ChAngED sinCE hE hirED thE CoACh,BrAD gilBErt. gilBErt CritiCizED him For trying to plAy with pErFECtion. instEAD oF risking A killEr shot on EvEry point, why not kEEp thE BAll in plAy AnD givE thE othEr guy A ChAnCE to losE gilBErt tolDAgAssi "it’s All ABout your hEAD、with your tAlEnt, iF you’rE FiFty pErCEnt gAmE-wisE, But ninEty-FivE pErCEnt hEAD-wisE, you’rE going to win." sinCE thAt,AgAssi BEgAn to pull out wins in mAtChEs thAt thE olDAgAssi woulD hAvE lost AnD got no.1 rAnking At lAst.BECAusE hE hAD lEArnED how to win.
whAt is it thAt sEpArAtEs winnErs From losErs thE propEr AnswEr is thAt, in sports At lEAst, winnErs simply hAvE CErtAin things thAt mortAls Don’t, suCh As BEttEr physiCAl ConDitions.But FitnEss DoEsn’t tEll thE Full story." thErE ArE morE plAyErs thAt hAvE thE tAlEnt to BE thE BEst in thE worlD thAn thErE ArE winnErs," sAys timothy gAllwEy, thE Author oF sEvErAl Books ABout thE mEntAl siDE oF tEnnis, golF, AnD othEr pursuits. "onE wAy oF looking At it is thAt winnErs gEt in thEir own wAy lEss. thEy intErFErE with thE rAw ExprEssion oF tAlEnt lEss.AnD to Do thAt, First thEy win thE wAr AgAinst FEAr, AgAinst DouBt, AgAinst insECurity-whiCh ArE no minor viCtoriEs. "
DEFinED thAt wAy, winning BEComEs trAnslAtABlE into ArEAs BEyonD thE physiCAl: ChEss, spElling BEEs, thE CorporAtE worlD, EvEn ComBAt. thE BrEADth oF our DEFinition For winning mEAns thAt thErE is no singlE gEnE For viCtory ACross All FiElDs.But nEurosCiEntists(神经科学家) ,psyChologists, AnD othEr rEsEArChErs ArE BEginning to BEttEr unDErstAnD thE highly intErDisCiplinAry ConCEpt oF winning, FinDing surprising links BEtwEEn BrAin ChEmistry, soCiAl thEory, AnD EvEn EConomiCs, whiCh togEthEr givE nEw insight into why somE pEoplE ComE out on top AgAin AnD AgAin.
onE ArEA rElAting to winning is BEing DisruptED、sCiEntists hAvE long thought thAt DominAnCE is lArgEly DEtErminED By tEstostEronE(睾丸激素); thE morE you hAvE, thE morE likEly you ArE to prEvAil. AnD not just on thE plAying FiElD、
lAstAugust, though, rEsEArChErs At thE univErsity oF tExAs AnDColumBiA FounD thAt tEstostEronE is hElpFul only whEn rEgulAtED By smAll Amounts oF AnothEr hormonE CAllED Cortisol(皮质醇).
ACrossColumBiA’s CAmpus, proFEssors At thE BusinEss sChool ArE putting this DominAnCE sCiEnCE into prACtiCE, CollECting sAlivA (唾液) sAmplEs From m.
B、A、stuDEnts to mEAsurE Both hormonEs.EACh suBjECt is thEn givEn A prEsCription to gEt thE two stEroiDs(类固醇)into iDEAl BAlAnCE. thE iDEAl lEADEr, sAys proF. pAul ingrAm, is "CAlm, But with An urgE towArDs DominAnCE." it’s truE For Both mEn AnD womEn, AnD in thEory it All ADDs up to winning A ContrACt, winning A promotion, winning thE quArtEr.
nEw sCiEnCE likE this illuminAtEs winnErs oF thE pAst. it’s A glAnCE insiDE thE BlooD strEAm oF pErhAps thE most thrilling CompEtitor to EvEr’ DEstroy his opponEnts At A tAsk:BoBBy FisChEr, thE ChEss ChAmpion." For FisChEr, thErE wAs A CruEl DEsirE to BEAt his opponEnt," sAys liz gArBus, thE DirECtor oF thE nEw DoCumEntAry BoBBy FisChErAgAinst thE worlD."BoBBy took DElight in how hE mADE his opponEnt ill. "BEForE his lEgEnDAry FinAl mAtCh with thE russiAn plAyErBoris spAssky in iCElAnD in 1972,whiCh woulD DEtErminE thE worlD’s no.1 plAyEr, FisChEr unDErwEnt ExtEnsivE wEight AnD EnDurAnCE trAining; hE tolD A strEngth CoACh thAt hE wAntED to physiCAlly BrEAk spAssky’s hAnD thE First timE thEy shook.As thE mAtCh ApproAChED, FisChEr hEsitAtED AnD woulD not show up, issuing inCrEAsingly BizArrE DEmAnDs AnD irritAting his FoE BEForE plAy hAD EvEn BEgun.
with thE worlD wAtChing, hE DiD EvEntuAlly ArrivE in rEykjAvik (雷克雅未克=冰岛首都),AnD with