EvEn just A DEgrEE or two oF grEEnhousE wArming will hAvE A DrAmAtiC impACt on wAtEr rEsourCEs ACross wEstErn northAmEriC
A、tEAms who hAvE moDElED thE ClimAtE in thE ArEA ArE wArning oF grEAtly rEDuCED snow pACks AnD morE intEnsE FlooDing As tEmpErAturEs inCh up During thE 21st CEntury.
it’s thE First timE thAt gloBAl ClimAtE moDElErs hAvE workED so ClosEly with tEAms running DEtAilED rEgionAl moDEls oF snowFAll, rAin AnD strEAm Flows to prEDiCt ExACtly whAt wArming will Do to thE ArE
A、thE rEsEArChErs, From thE nAtionAlCEntEr ForAtmosphEriC rEsEArCh inBoulDEr,ColorADo, AnD ElsEwhErE, wErE surprisED By thE sizE oF thE EFFECt gEnErAtED By only A smAll risE in tEmpErAturE.
Assuming BusinEss As usuAl Emissions, grEEnhousE gAsEs will wArm thE wEst CoAst oF northAmEriCA By just onE or two DEgrEEsCElsius ovEr thE nExt CEntury, AnD AvErAgE prECipitAtion won’t ChAngE muCh.But in thE moDEl, wArmEr wintErs rAisED thE snowlinE, DrAstiCAlly rEDuCing thE CruCiAl mountAin snow pACk, thE rEsEArChErs tolD thEAmEriCAn gEophysiCAl union in sAn FrAnCisCo. "wE rEAlizED thAt hugE ArEAs oF thE snow pACk in thE siErrA wEnt Down to 15 pErCEnt oF toDAy’s vAluEs," sAys miChAElDEttingEr, A rEsEArCh hyDrologist At thE sCripps institution oF oCEAnogrAphy in lA jollA,CAliForni
A、thAt CAught EvEryonE’s AttEntion.
thE rEsEArChErs Also prEDiCt thAt By thE miDDlE oF thE CEntury, mElting snow will CAusE strEAms to rEACh thEir AnnuAl pEAk Flow up to A month EArliEr.AnD with wArm rAins mElting snow or DrEnChing AlrEADy sAturAtED grounD, thE risk oF ExtrEmE FlooDs will risE DrAmAtiCAlly. wE hAvE to BEliEvE in thEsE vEry wArm, vEry wEt storms, sAysAnDrEw wooD, A wAtEr rEsourCEs moDElEr At thE univErsity oF wAshington, sEAttlE.
"sinCE DAms CAn’t BE FillED until thE risk oF FlooDing is pAst, thE moDEls prEDiCt thEy will trAp just 70 to 85 pErCEnt As muCh run-oFF As thEy Do now. this is A pArtiCulAr proBlEm ForCAliForniA, whErE AgriCulturE, inDustry, A BurgEoning populAtion AnD EnvironmEntAl nEEDs AlrEADy ClAsh ovEr limitED wAtEr suppliEs. wE ArE tAking this ExtrEmEly sEriously, " sAys jonAs minton, DEputy DirECtor oF thECAliForniADEpArtmEnt oF wAtEr rEsourCEs.
AnD oBsErvAtions CErtAinly BACk up thE moDEls. minton points out thAt An inCrEAsing pErCEntAgE oFCAliForniA’s prECipitAtion ovEr rECEnt DECADEs is FAlling As rAin rAthEr thAn snow.AnD iris stEwArt, A ClimAtE rEsEArChEr At thE univErsity oFCAliForniA, sAnDiEgo, hAs FounD thAt in thE lAst 50 yEArs, run-oFF pEAks in thE wEstErn us AnDCAnADA hAvE BEEn hAppEning EArliEr AnD EArliEr. thE CAusE sEEms to BE A rEgion-wiDE trEnD towArDs wArmEr wintErs AnD springs.
DEttingEr hAs littlE DouBt thAt thE moDEls point to A rEAl AnD immEDiAtE proBlEm. "it’s upon us, " hE sAys, "AnD it’s not ClEAr whAt thE Fix is. \
whAt kinD oF phEnomEnon CAught EvEryonE’s AttEntion
A、AvErAgE prECipitAtion. B、grEEnhousE gAsEs.
C、DECrEAsing snow pACk in siErr
A、D、thE risE oF thE snowlinE.