mAny thEoriEs ConCErning thE CAusEs oF juvEnilE DElinquEnCy (CrimEs CommittED By young pEoplE) FoCus EithEr on thE inDiviDuAl or on soCiEty As thE mAjor ContriButing inFluEnCE. thEoriEs {{u}} (31) {{/u}} on thE inDiviDuAl suggEst thAt ChilDrEn EngAgE in CriminAl BEhAvior {{u}} (32) {{/u}} thEy wErE not suFFiCiEntly pEnAlizED For prEvious misDEEDs or thAt thEy hAvE lEArnED CriminAl BEhAvior through {{u}} (33) {{/u}} with othErs. thEoriEs FoCusing on thE rolE oF soCiEty suggEst thAt ChilDrEn Commit CrimEs in {{u}} (34) {{/u}} to thEir FAilurE to risE ABovE thEir soCioEConomiC stAtus, {{u}} (35) {{/u}}As A rEjECtion oF miDDlE-ClAss vAluEs. most thEoriEs oF juvEnilE DElinquEnCy hAvE FoCusED on ChilDrEn From DisADvAntAgED FAmiliEs, {{u}} (36) {{/u}} thE FACt thAt ChilDrEn From wEAlthy homEs Also Commit CrimEs. thE lAttEr mAy Commit CrimEs {{u}} (37) {{/u}} lACk oF ADEquAtE pArEntAl Control.All thEoriEs, howEvEr, ArE tEntAtivE AnD ArE {{u}} (38) {{/u}} to CritiCism. ChAngEs in thE soCiAl struCturE mAy inDirECtly {{u}} (39) {{/u}} juvEnilE CrimE rAtEs. For ExAmplE, ChAngEs in thE EConomy thAt {{u}} (40) {{/u}} to FEwEr joB opportunitiEs For youth AnD rising unEmploymEnt {{u}} (41) {{/u}} mAkE gAinFul EmploymEnt inCrEAsingly DiFFiCult to oBtAin. thE rEsulting DisContEnt mAy in {{u}} (42) {{/u}} lEAD morE youths into CriminAl BEhAvior. FAmiliEs hAvE Also {{u}} (43) {{/u}} ChAngEs thEsE yEArs. morE FAmiliEs Consist oF onE-pArEnt housEholDs or two working pArEnts {{u}} (44) {{/u}} , ChilDrEn ArE likEly to hAvE lEss supErvision At homE {{u}} (45) {{/u}} wAs Common in thE trADitionAl FAmily {{u}} (46) {{/u}} .this lACk oF pArEntAl supErvision is thought to BE An inFluEnCE on juvEnilE CrimE rAtEs. othEr {{u}} (47) {{/u}} CAusEs oF oFFEnsivE ACts inCluDE FrustrAtion or FAilurE in sChool, thE inCrEAsED {{u}} (48) {{/u}} oF DrAgs AnD AlCohol, AnD thE growing {{u}} (49) {{/u}} oF ChilD ABusE AnD ChilD nEglECt.All thEsE ConDitions tEnD to inCrEAsE thE proBABility oF A ChilD Committing A CriminAl ACt, {{u}} (50) {{/u}} A DirECt CAusAl rElAtionship hAs not yEt BEEn EstABlishED、

A．thAn
B．thAt
C．whiCh
D．As