【单选题】

The single most shattering statistic about life inAmerica in the late 1990s was that tobacco killed more people than the combined total of those who died fromAIDS, car accidents, alcohol, murder, suicide, illegal drugs and fire. The deaths of more than 400,000Americans each year, 160,000 of them from lung cancer, make a strong case for the prohibition of tobacco, and particularly of cigarettes. The case, backed by Solid evidence, has been made in every public arena since the early 1950s, when the first convincing link between smoking and cancer was established in clinical and epidemiological studies-yet 50mAmericans still go on smoking.

AllanBrand, a Harvard professor, has written a history of the cigarette inAmeric
A、It runs from the automatic rolling machine, patented by lamesBonsack in 1881, to last year’s retreat by theBush administration in a case that was intended to make the industry meet the full cost to the federal government of treating tobacco-related illness. It is a remarkable story; clearly told, astonishingly well documented and with a transparent moral motif.
Most smokers inAmerica eventually manage to quit, and local laws banning smoking in public have become common, but the industry prospers. The tobacco companies have survived virtually everything their opponents have thrown at them.At the end of his story, Mr.Brandt writes, "The legal assault onBig Tobacco had been all but repelleD、The industry was decidedly intact, ready to do business profitably at home and abroaD、"Although the conclusion is not to his liking, Mr.Brandt’s is the first full and convincing explanation of how they pulled it off.
Cigarettes overcame any lingering opposition to the pleasure they gave whenAmerican soldiers came to crave them during the First World War. War, says Mr.Brandt, was "a critical watershed in establishing the cigarette as a dominant product in modern consumer culture".Cigarettes were sexy, and the companies poured money into advertising.By 1950Americans smoked 350 billion cigarettes a year and the industry accounted for 3.5% of consumer spending on non-durables. The first 50 years of the "cigarette century" were a golden era forBig Tobacco.
That was simply because, until the 1940s, not enough men had been smoking for long enough to develop fatal cancers (women did not reach this threshold until the 1970s). The first clinical and epidemiological studies linking cigarette-smoking and lung cancer, were published only in 1950.By 1953 the six leading companies had agreed that a collective response was requireD、They paid handsomely for a public-relations campaign that insistently denied any proof of a causal connection between smoking and cancer. This worked well until 1964, when a devastating report from the surgeon-general’s advisory committee in effect ended medical uncertainty about the harmfulness of smoking.
ButBig Tobacco rode the punches. When the Federal TradeCommission (FTC、ruled that health warnings must appear on each pack, the industry consenteD、But it shrewdly exploited the warning, "in a culture that emphasized individual responsibility, smokers would bear the blame for willful risk-taking," notes Mr.Brandt. Many cases for damages against the companies foundered on that rock.Cigarette-makers also marshaled their numerous allies inCongress to help the passage of a law that bypassed federal agencies such as the FTC, and madeCongress itself solely responsible for tobacco regulation.Describing the pervasive influence of tobacco lobbyists, he says, "legislation fromCongress testified to the masterful preparation and strategic command of the tobacco industry. "
However, the industry was powerless to prevent a flood of damaging internal documents, leaked by insiders. The companies were shown, for instance, to have cynically disregarded evidence from their in-house researchers about the addictive properties of nicotine. Internal papers also sh