【单选题】

In place of the king, two chief executives were chosen annually by the whole body of citizens. These were known as praetors, or leaders, but later received the title of consuls. The participation of a colleague in the exercise of supreme power and the limitation of the tenure to one year prevented the chief magistrate from becoming autocratiC、The character of the Senate was altered by the enrollment of plebeian members, known as conscripti, and hence the official designation of the senators thereafter was patres conscripti (conscript fathers).As yet, only patricians were eligible for the magistracies, and the discontent of the plebs led to a violent struggle between the two orders and the gradual removal of the social and political disabilities under which the plebs had labore

D、
In 494BC、a secession of plebeian soldiers led to the institution of the tribuni plebis, who were elected annually as protectors of the plebs; they had the power to veto the acts of patrician magistrates, and thus served as the leaders of the plebs in the struggles with the patricians. The appointment of the decemvirate, a commission of ten men, in 451BC、resulted in the drawing up of a famous code of laws. In 445BC, under theCanuleian law, marriages between patricians and members of the plebs were declared legally vali
D、By the Licinian-Sextian laws, passed in 367BC, it Mas provided that one of the two consuls should thenceforth be plebeian. The other magistracies were gradually opened to the plebs: in 356BC、the dictatorship, an extraordinary magistracy, the incumbent of which was appointed in times of great danger; in 350BC, the censorship; in 337BC, the praetorship; and in 300BC, the pontifical and augural colleges.
These political changes gave rise to a new aristocracy, composed of patrician and wealthy plebeian families, and admission to the Senate became almost the hereditary privilege of these families. The Senate, which had originally possessed little administrative power, became a powerful governing body, dealing with matters of war and peace, foreign alliances, the founding of colonies, and the handling of the state finances. The rise of this new nobilitas brought to an end the struggles between the two orders, but the position of the poorer plebeian families was not improved, and the marked contrast between the conditions of the rich and the poor led to struggles in the later Republic between the aristocratic party and the popular party.
The external history of Rome during this period was chiefly military. Rome had acquired the leadership of Latium before the close of the regal perio
D、Assisted by their allies, the Romans fought wars against theEtruscans, the Volscians, and theAequians. The military policy of Rome became more aggressive in the 60 years between 449 and 390BC、The defeat of the Romans atAllia and the capture and burning of Rome by the Gauls under the leadership of the chieftainBrennus in 390BC、were great disasters, but their effect was temporary. The capture of theEtruscan city of Veil in 396BC、by the soldier and statesman Marcus FuriusCamillus spelled the beginning of the end forEtruscan independence. OtherEtruscan cities hastened to make peace, and by the middle of the 4th centuryBC、all southernEtruria was kept in check by Roman garrisons and denationalized by an influx of Roman colonists. Victories over the Volscians, the Latins, and the Hernicans gave the Romans control of central Italy and brought them into conflict with the Samnites of southern Italy, who were defeated in a series of three wars, extending from 343 to 290BC、
A、revolt of the Latins and Volscians was put down, and in 338BC、the Latin League, a long-established confederation of the cities of Latium, was dissolve
D、
A、powerful coalition was at this time formed against Rome, consisting ofEtruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls in the north, and of Lucanians,Bruttians, and Samnites in the south; this coalition endangered the