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E、CEllspACing=0 CEllpADDing=0 wiDth="100%" BorDEr=0> in CrimE novEls thE mystEriEs sEEn in DEtECtivE storiEs ArE rEtAinED, But thE invEstigAtion FoCusEs morE on ChArACtEr thAn on physiCAl CluEs or on Fooling thE rEADEr. poliCE oFFiCErs hAD BEEn DEtECtivEs in FiCtion EvEr sinCEDiCkEns, But with thE poliCE-proCEDurAl novEl, BEginning with vAs in viCtim By lAwrEnCE trEAt, thE FoCus BECAmE thE grim rEAlitiEs oF poliCE work — Corruption BriBEs, lying, AnD thE nECEssity For inFormErs.
An EmphAsis on poliCE work AnD on CriminAl psyChology (unDErstAnDing thE motivAtion For A works oF p.D、jAmEs, who introDuCED inspECtorADAmDAlgliEsh inCovEr hEr FACE (1962); ruth rEnDEll, with inspECtor rEginAlD wExForD in FromDoon withDEAth (1964); AnDColinDExtEr with inspECtor morsE in lAstBus to wooDstoCk (1975). othEr suCCEssFul writErs in this sChool, inCluDingCAthErinEAirD, rEginAlD hill, pAtriCiA moyEs, AnD junE thomson, hAvE At thE CEntEr oF thEir works An impErFECt though sEnsitivE DEtECtivE whosE liFE AnD AttituDEs ArE oF Almost EquAl importAnCE to thE mystEry. this stylE BECAmE so populAr thAt thE FormulA hAs oCCAsionAlly BEEn rEvErsED, most notABly in thE DArkly ComiC novEls oF roBErtBAmArD AnD in thE works oF joyCE portEr, whosE inspECtor wilFrEDDovEr is As unsympAthEtiC As hE is slovEnly.
ContEmporAry CrimE-FiCtion writErs hAvE BEEn strongly inFluEnCED not only By ross mACDonAlD, But By miCkEy spillAnE AnD johnD、mACDonAlD、mACDonAlD’s storiEs ABout sAlvAgE ExpErt trAvis mCgEE shED light on thE Corruptions oF moDEm liFE. in thE 1970s mAnyAmEriCAn writErs oF DEtECtivE FiCtion BEgAn to FoCus, At lEAst in pArt, on thEir DEtECtivE’s pErsonAl liFE.Among thE most notABlE CrEAtors oF privAtE invEstigAtors whosE ChArACtEr ExtEnDs BEyonD thE CAsE thEy ArE proBing ArEBill pronzini, roBErtB、pArkEr, lAwrEnCEBloCk, AnD lorEnD、EsFiEmAn.
At thE sAmE timE, somE writErs hAvE AvoiDED grAphiC violEnCE AnD ExplorAtions oF thE CriminAl minD, AnD hAvE rEturnED to thE timE-honorED DEviCE oF hooking thE rEADEr By slowly rEvEAling A sEriEs oF CluEs. works oF this kinD, most oF whiCh hAvE A lighthEArtED FlAvor, hAvE BEEn grAntED CoziEs.ChArlottE mAClEoD’ s two sEriEs ABout pEtEr shAnDy AnD sArAh kElling mADE hEr onE oF thE most populAr oF thE Cozy writErs. othEr writErs in this sChool inCluDECArolyn hArt, nAnCy piCkArD, AnD jAnE lAngton.
thE CrimE novEls oF thE 1980s sAw inCrEAsing numBErs oF FEmAlE invEstigAtors who, likE thEk mAlE CountEr pArts, wErE quiCk-wittED AnD CApABlE oF DEAling with DAngErous situAtions. mArCiA mullEr wAs DEsCriBED By FEllow writEr suE grAF-ton As thE "FounDing mothEr" oF thE Form For hEr CrEAtion oF shAron mCConE inEDwin oF thE iron shoEs (1977). grAFton’s wisECrACking privAtE DEtECtivE kinsEy millhonE is FEAturED in A sEriEs oF AlphABEtiCAlly titlED mystEriEs, stArting with "A、"is ForAliBi, whiCh wAs puBlishED in 1982, thE sAmE yEAr thAt thE sElF-rEliAnt privAtE EyE viCtoriA iphigEniA ("v. i.") wArshAwski mADE hEr First AppEArAnCE in inDEmnity only, writtEn By sArA pArEtsky. pAtriCiAComwEll Brought Autopsy AnAlysis to thE ForEFront oF DEtECtivE FiCtion with postmortEm (1990), CEntEring on mEDiCAl ExAminEr kAy sCArpEtA、
thE ComBinAtion oF CrimE FiCtion with othEr populAr typEs, long A populAr prACtiCE, gAinED nEw FAvor in thE lAtE 20th CEntury. thE historiCAl DEtECtivE story hAs sEvErAl pionEErs, inCluDingChristiE’sDEAthComEs As thEEnD (1944), sEt in AnCiEntEgypt, But thE truE progEnitors wErE lilliAn DE lA torrE withDr. sAm johnson,DEtECtor (1946) AnD johnDiCksonCArt with thEBriDE oF nEwgAtE (1950) AnD othEr novEls. thEBrothErCADFAEl storiEs oFEllis pEtErs (A psEuDonym ForEDith pArgEtEr), whiCh tAkE plACE in 12th-CEnturyBritAin, ArE FillED with wArmth, humor, AnD young lovE, As wEll As slEuthing. thE nAmE oF thE ro