you shoulD spEnD ABout 20 minutEs on quEstions whiCh ArE BAsED on rEADing pAssAgE 2 BElow.
thE pursuit oF hAppinEss
A、
in thE lAtE 1990s, psyChologist mArtin sEligmAn oF thE univErsity oF pEnnsylvAniA urgED CollEAguEs to oBsErvE optimAl mooDs with thE sAmE kinD oF FoCus with whiCh thEy hAD For so long stuDiED illnEssEs: wE woulD nEvEr lEArn ABout thE Full rAngE oF humAn FunCtions unlEss wE knEw As muCh ABout mEntAl wEllnEss As wE Do ABout mEntAl illnEss.A、nEw gEnErAtion oF psyChologists Built up A rEspECtABlE BoDy oF rEsEArCh on positivE ChArACtEr trAits AnD hAppinEss-Boosting prACtiCEs.At thE sAmE timE, DEvElopmEnts in nEurosCiEnCE proviDED nEw CluEs to whAt mAkEs us hAppy AnD whAt thAt looks likE in thE BrAin. sElF-AppointED ExpErts took ADvAntAgE oF thE trEnD with guArAntEEs to EliminAtE worry, strEss, DEjECtion AnD EvEn BorEDom. this hAppinEss movEmEnt hAs provokED A grEAt DEAl oF opposition Among psyChologists who oBsErvE thAt thE prEoCCupAtion with hAppinEss hAs ComE At thE Cost oF sADnEss, An importAnt FEEling thAt pEoplE hAvE triED to BAnish From thEir EmotionAl rEpErtoirE.AllAn horwitz oF rutgErs lAmEnts thAt young pEoplE who ArE nAturAlly wEEpy AFtEr BrEAkups ArE oFtEn urgED to mEDiCAtE thEmsElvEs instEAD oF working through thEir sADnEss. wAkE ForEst univErsity’sEriC wilson FumEs thAt thE oBsEssion with hAppinEss Amounts to A "CrAvEn DisrEgArD" For thE mElAnCholiC pErspECtivE thAt hAs givEn risE to thE grEAtEst works oF Art. "thE hAppy mAn," hE writEs, "is A hollow mAn."
B、
AFtEr All, pEoplE ArE rEmArkABly ADAptABlE. Following A vAriABlE pErioD oF ADjustmEnt, wE BounCE BACk to our prEvious lEvEl oF hAppinEss, no mAttEr whAt hAppEns to us. (thErE ArE somE sCiEntiFiCAlly provEn ExCEptions, notABly suFFEring thE unExpECtED loss oF A joB or thE loss oF A spousE.Both EvEnts tEnD to pErmAnEntly knoCk pEoplE BACk A stEp.) our ADAptABility works in two DirECtions.BECAusE wE ArE so ADAptABlE, points out proFEssor sonjA lyuBomirsky oF thE univErsity oFCAliForniA, wE quiCkly gEt usED to mAny oF thE ACComplishmEnts wE strivE For in liFE, suCh As lAnDing thE Big joB or gEtting mArriE
D、soon AFtEr wE rEACh A milEstonE, wE stArt to FEEl thAt somEthing is missing. wE BEgin CovEting AnothEr worlDly possEssion or EyEing A soCiAl ADvAnCEmEnt.But suCh An ApproACh kEEps us tEthErED to A trEADmill whErE hAppinEss is AlwAys just out oF rEACh, onE toy or onE stEp AwAy. it’s possiBlE to gEt oFF thE trEADmill EntirEly By FoCusing on ACtivitiEs thAt ArE DynAmiC, surprising, AnD AttEntion- ABsorBing, AnD thus lEss likEly to BorE us thAn, sAy, ACquiring shiny nEw toys.
C、
morEovEr, hAppinEss is not A rEwArD For EsCAping pAin. russ hArris, thE Author oF thE hAppinEss trAp, CAlls populAr ConCEptions oF hAppinEss DAngErous BECAusE thEy sEt pEoplE up For A "strugglE AgAinst rEAlity". thEy Don’t ACknowlEDgE thAt rEAl liFE is Full oF DisAppointmEnts, loss, AnD inConvEniEnCEs. "iF you’rE going to livE A riCh AnD mEAningFul liFE," hArris sAys, "you’rE going to FEEl A Full rAngE oF Emotions."ACtion towArD goAls othEr thAn hAppinEss mAkEs pEoplE hAppy. it is not Crossing thE Finish linE thAt is most rEwArDing, it is AntiCipAting AChiEving thE goAl. univErsity oF wisConsin nEurosCiEntist riChArDDAviDson hAs FounD thAt working hArD towArD A goAl, AnD mAking progrEss to thE point oF ExpECting A goAl to BE rEAlisED, not only ACtivAtEs positivE FEElings But Also supprEssEs nEgAtivE Emotions suCh As FEAr AnD DEprEssion.
D、
wE ArE ConstAntly mAking DECisions, rAnging From whAt ClothEs to put on, to whom wE shoulD mArry, not to mEntion All thosE FlAvors oF iCE CrEAm. wE BAsE mAny oF our DECisions on whEthEr wE think A pArtiCulAr prEFErEnCE will inCrEAsE our wEll-BEing. intuitivEly, wE sEEm ConvinCED thAt thE morE ChoiCEs wE hAvE, thE BEttEr oFF wE will ultimAtEly BE.But our worlD oF unlimitED opportunity imprisons us morE thAn it mAkEs us hAppy. in w