【单选题】

Psychological testing is a measurement of some aspect of human behavior by procedures consisting of carefully prescribed content, methods of administration, and interpretation. Test content may be addressed to almost any aspect of intellectual or emotional functioning, including personality traits, attitudes, intelligence, or emotional concerns. Tests usually are administered by a qualified clinical, school, or industrial psychologist, according to professional and ethical principles. Interpretation is based on a comparison of the individual’s responses with those previously obtained to establish appropriate standards for test scores. The usefulness of psychological tests depends on their accuracy in predicting behavior.By providing information about the probability of a person’s responses or performance, tests aid in making a variety of decisions.

The primary impetus for the development of the major tests used today was the need for practical guidelines for solving social problems. The first useful intelligence test was prepared in 1905 by the French psychologistsAlfredBinet and Theodore Simon (1873-1961). The two developed a 30-item scale to ensure that no child could be denied instruction in the Paris school system without formal examination. In 1916 theAmerican psychologist Lewis Terman produced the first Stanford Revision of theBinet-Simon scale to provide comparison standards forAmericans from age three to adulthooD、The test was further revised in 1937 and 1960, and today the Stanford-Binet remains one of the most widely used intelligence tests.
The need to classify soldiers during World War I resulted in the development of two group intelligence tests—ArmyAlpha andArmyBetA、To help detect soldiers who might break down in combat, theAmerican psychologist Robert Woodworth (1869—1962) designed the PersonalData Sheet, a forerunner of the modern personality inventory.
During the 1930s controversies over the nature of intelligence led to the development of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, which not only provided an index of general mental ability but also revealed patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses. The Wechsler tests now extend from the preschool through the adult age range and are at least as prominent as the Stanford-Binet.
As interest in the newly emerging field of psychoanalysis grew in the 1930s, two important projective techniques introduced systematic ways to study unconscious motivation: the Rorschach test—developed by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach (1884—1922)— using a series of inkblots on cards, and a story-telling procedure called the ThematicApperception Test—developed by theAmerican psychologists HenryA、Murray (1893— 1988) andC、D、Morgan.Both of these tests are frequently included in contemporary personality assessment.
During World War II the need for improved methods of personnel selection led to the expansion of large-scale programs involving multiple methods of personality assessment. Following the war, training programs in clinical psychology were systematically supported by U.S. government funding, to ensure availability of mental-health services to returning war veterans.As part of these services, psychological testing flourished, reaching an estimated several millionAmericans each year. Since the late 1960s increased awareness and criticism from both the public and professional sectors have led to greater efforts to establish legal controls and more explicit safeguards against misuse of testing materials.
According to the author, whether a psychological test is effective or not is determined by______
A、its correctness in foretelling behavior
B、its practical guidelines for solving social problems
C、any aspect of intellectual or emotional functioning
D、the ways to provide information about the probability of one’s performance or response