【分析解答题】

YourActions Speak LouderCommunicationNonverbal communication (非语言交际) — teaching it and measuring effect — is more difficult than formal language instruction.But now that language has achieved its proper recognition as being essential for success, the area of nonverbal behavior should be taught to people who will live in another country in a systematic way, giving them actual experience, awareness, sensitivity. Indeed, it is the rise in linguistic (语言上的) fluency which now makes nonverbal fluency even more critical.

A、linguistically fluent visitor may tend to offend even more than those who don’’t speak as well if that visitor shows ignorance about interface etiquette (礼节) ; the national may perceive this disparity (不等) between linguistic and nonlinguistic performance as a disregard for the more subtle aspects of intercultural communication.Because nonverbal cues reflect emotional states, both visitor and host national might not be able to articulate (清晰明白地说 ) what’’s going on.While it would be difficult to map out all the nonverbal details for every language that PeaceCorps (美国和平队) teaches, one can hope to make visitors aware of the existence and emotional importance of nonverbal channels. I have identified five such channels: kinesic, proxemic, chronemic, oculesic, and haptiC、Kinesics (身势语)Kinesics — movement of the body (head, arms, legs, etC、) . The initial example from the health center inEthiopia was a problem caused by a kinesic sign being used which had different meanings cross-culturally.Another example, theAmerican gesture of slitting one’’s throat implying "I’’ve had it," or "I’’m in trouble," conveys quite a different message in SwazilanD、It means "I love you." Americans make no distinction between gesturing for silence to an adult or to a chilD、AnAmerican will put one finger to the lips for both, while anEthiopian will use only one finger to a child and four fingers for an adult. To use only one finger for an adult is disrespectful. On the other hand,Ethiopians make no distinction in gesturing to indicate emphatic (断然的) negation (拒绝) . They shake their index finger (食指) from side to side to an adult as well as to a child, whereas this gesture is used only for children byAmericans. Thus, if visitors are not conscious of the meaning of such behavior, they not only offend their hosts but they will be offended by them. Drawing in the cheeks and holding the arms rigidly by the side of the body means "thin" inAmhariC、Diet-consciousAmericans feel complimented if they are told that they are slim and so may naturally assume that to tell anEthiopian friend this is also complimentary. Yet, inEthiopia and a number of other countries, this is taken pejoratively (轻蔑地) , as it is thought better to be heavy-set, indicating health and status and enough wealth to ensure the two. Proxemics (空间语)Proxemics — the use of interpersonal space. SouthAmericans, Greeks, and others find comfort in standing, sitting, or talking to people at a distance whichAmericans find intolerably close. We give their unusual closeness the social interpretation of aggressiveness and intimacy, causing us to have feelings of hostility, discomfort, or intimidation (胁迫). If we back away to our greater distance of comfort, we are perceived as being cold, unfriendly, and distrustful. Somalis would see us as we see SouthAmericans, since their interface distance is greater still than ours.Chronemics (语空) Chronemics — the timing of verbal exchanges during conversation.AsAmericans, we expect our partner to respond to our statement immediately. In some other cultures, people time their exchanges to leave silence between each statement. ForAmericans this silence is unsettling (使人不安的). To us it may mean that the person is shy, inattentive, bored, or nervous. It causes us to repeat, paraphrase, talk louder, and "correct" our speech to accommodate our partner. In the intercultural situation, it might be best