【单选题】

"The global employment situation is gloomy (惨淡) and will become still gloomier". GeneralDirector Michel Hansenne of the International Labour Organisation said in September 1998.The InternationalConfederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) represents 125 million organised workers in 145 countries. While women make up 39 per cent of this rank and file, only ten per cent of the board (董事会) members are women. InApril 2000 the ICFTUCongress changed its statutes so that women are expected to increase their representation at the nextCongress in 2004.The global labour force includes half of the world’’s population, numbering about three billion people.--Half of all jobs are in agriculture.

A、significant proportion of these jobs are seasonal in the developing countries.--Almost one third of those employed work in the service industries.--40 per cent of working people are women.Women are in the majority in subcontracting (转包合同) and temporary jobs, part-time and temporary employment and in the informal sector.250 million children are involved in working life. Of these, 110 million are girls aged 5 to 14 years.
A、majority of the labour force in the developing countries work in the informal or grey sector (灰色行业,指不正当行业) of the economy, in which employment is not regulated by collective agreements and even legislation has little impact.One billion people suffer from lack of work. The labour supply greatly exceeds its demanD、There are 150 million unemployed and about 750 to 900 million underemployed worldwide.
A、situation in which roughly one third of the global labour force suffer from lack of work perpetuates (使继续) a serious imbalance in the labour market. For the employers this offers an effective means to pressure employees to accept substandard working conditions. The lack of work is greatest in the developing countries. Very high unemployment rates are common all over the third worlD、In theEuropean Union the general unemployment rate was just under ten per cent at the beginning of the year 2000, while in the US
A、and Japan it was four to five per cent. Of the unemployed 60 million are aged 15 to 24 years.Highly skilled jobs are concentrated in the industrialised countries, while those demanding fewer skills are in the developing countries. This gap is not narrowing. The demand for unskilled labour is continuously decreasing in the affluent countries as the emphasis moves ever more towards production demanding highly skilled labour. In the 1980s and 1990s the parallel change in the developing countries was slower than in the economically developed countries. In some developing countries vocational skills barely developed at all.People in working life have noticed the increased competition in the form of growing demands made by employers. Often these demands are inordinate.According to a report published in Helsingin Sanomat in June 2000, Finnish President Tarja Halonen described the consequences of excessive demands made by employers at a seminar organised by the Social Insurance Institution — KEL
A、in the following terms: "There are rather many burned out or overburdened people at workplaces nowadays, and in many ways work exceeds its frame of reference to affect leisure time and family life so that people lose the ability to cope with working life". This stress has been augmented by a loss of job security and, especially in the public sector, by the increased prevalence of temporary jobs.Employers apply pressure on their employees by threatening to transfer their work to subcontractors or to other corporations offering services for hire. Efforts to protect individual employment in Finland have led to uncompensated overtime work in many industries. In the 1990s this phenomena also became more common in the municipal sector. It represents an exacerbated (加剧的) example of how fiercer competition increases the pressure to undermine working conditions. The more employee groups c